1. Parts is parts…. AMINO ACID building block of proteins contain an amino or NH 2 group and a carboxyl (acid) or COOH group PEPTIDE BOND covalent bond link amino acids’ amino group to carboxyl (acid) group PROTEINS long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

2. Amino Acids Glu = glutamic acid Cys = cysteine Trp = tryptophan Arg = arginine Gly = glycine His = histidine Gln = glutamine Asn = asparagine Lys = lysine Asp = aspartic acid Ser = serine Pro = proline Thr = threonine Ala = alanine Tyr = tyrosine Phe = phenylalanine Leu = leucine Ile = isoleucine Met = methionine Val = valine

3. GENE sequence of bases along one strand of DNA codes for messenger RNA mRNA messenger RNA causes protein synthesis CODON A sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acidnucleotides messenger RNA amino acid How does the cell know which amino acid???

4. UCAG U UUU = Phe UUC = Phe UUA = Leu UUG = Leu UCU = Ser UCC = Ser UCA = Ser UCG = Ser UAU = Tyr UAC = Tyr UAA = Stop UAG = Stop UGU = Cys UGC = Cys UGA = Stop UGG = Trp UCAGUCAG C CUU = Leu CUC = Leu CUA = Leu CUG = Leu CCU = Pro CCC = Pro CCA = Pro CCG = Pro CAU = His CAC = His CAA = Gln CAG = Gln CGU = Arg CGC = Arg CGA = Arg CGG = Arg UCAGUCAG A AUU = Ile AUC = Ile AUA = Ile AUG = Met ACU = Thr ACC = Thr ACA = Thr ACG = Thr AAU = Asn AAC = Asn AAA = Lys AAG = Lys AGU = Ser AGC = Ser AGA = Arg AGG = Arg UCAGUCAG G GUU = Val CUC = Val GUA = Val GUG = Val GCU = Ala GCC = Ala GCA = Ala GCG = Ala GAU = Asp GAC = Asp GAA = Glu GAG = Glu GGU = Gly GCG = Gly GGA = Gly GGG = Gly UCAGUCAG The Genetic Code - Codons

5. Amino Acids Glu = glutamic acid Cys = cysteine Trp = tryptophan Arg = arginine Gly = glycine His = histidine Gln = glutamine Asn = asparagine Lys = lysine Asp = aspartic acid Ser = serine Pro = proline Thr = threonine Ala = alanine Tyr = tyrosine Phe = phenylalanine Leu = leucine Ile = isoleucine Met = methionine Val = valine

6. RNA vs DNA n RNA stands for “ribo” nucleic acid n sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose n has a backbone like DNA and it has 4 nucleotides n thymine is replaced by Uracil n RNA only has one thread

7. Introduction

8. Protein Synthesis n There are two steps from DNA to proteins Transcription Translation

9.  RNA polymerase recognizes the start point of a gene and begins to ‘unzip’ the DNA  nucleotide pattern from a gene on a DNA strand is transferred to an RNA strand (mRna)(mRna) Transcription

10. Translation n Once at the ribosome, the mRNA attaches. n The ribosome coordinates the assembly of the protein. n Each amino acid is attached one by one as the ribosome reads the next piece of mRNA (watch)(watch)

11. n Every three nucleic acids correspond to one amino acid. Each such triple is called a codon.

12. UCAG U UUU = Phe UUC = Phe UUA = Leu UUG = Leu UCU = Ser UCC = Ser UCA = Ser UCG = Ser UAU = Tyr UAC = Tyr UAA = Stop UAG = Stop UGU = Cys UGC = Cys UGA = Stop UGG = Trp UCAGUCAG C CUU = Leu CUC = Leu CUA = Leu CUG = Leu CCU = Pro CCC = Pro CCA = Pro CCG = Pro CAU = His CAC = His CAA = Gln CAG = Gln CGU = Arg CGC = Arg CGA = Arg CGG = Arg UCAGUCAG A AUU = Ile AUC = Ile AUA = Ile AUG = Met ACU = Thr ACC = Thr ACA = Thr ACG = Thr AAU = Asn AAC = Asn AAA = Lys AAG = Lys AGU = Ser AGC = Ser AGA = Arg AGG = Arg UCAGUCAG G GUU = Val CUC = Val GUA = Val GUG = Val GCU = Ala GCC = Ala GCA = Ala GCG = Ala GAU = Asp GAC = Asp GAA = Glu GAG = Glu GGU = Gly GCG = Gly GGA = Gly GGG = Gly UCAGUCAG The Genetic Code - Codons

13. Introduction

14. Protein Synthesis Mr.Schoenbrun School of the Arts