1. PLIOCENEPLEISTOCENE Plio-Pleistocene 5.31.8 MIOCENE ?

3. Homo erectus Distribution Throughout Africa from 1.8 Ma First hominin to appear outside of Africa Appears in Asia ca. 1.8 Ma ? Adapted to both tropical and temperate Climates

4. Oldowan “Chopper”Acheulian “Biface” or “Handaxe”

5. OLDUVAI GORGE

6. Olorgesailie (Kenya) 1.2 – 0.05 Ma Acheulean Handaxes Butchered fauna ! Theropithecus oswaldi Elephas recki

8. http://www.dmanisi.org.ge/

9. Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) 1.8 MA (2 – 1.5 Ma) Oldowan-type tools !! 3 hominid skulls, misc. jaws, etc. lots of fauna & artifacts NEW SKULL DISCOVERED in situ !

10. D 2282

11. JAVA (Southeast Asia)

12. Sangiran -- 1930s G.H.R. von Koeningswald

13. Ngandong -- 1930s 53,000 - 27,000 BP

14. Zhoukoudian (Main Cave)

15. Sinanthropus pekinensis Davidson Black

16. Skull 5 -- Individual H

17. Zhoukoudian

18. Pithecanthropus Meganthropus Sinanthropus

19. Zhoukoudian Main Cave artifacts

20. Homo erectus Culture Acheulean Industry (exc East Asia) Bifacial hand axes and cleavers Diversified tool kits (?Cooperative) hunting of big-game animals evidence for simple shelters earliest occupation of cave sites evidence for controlled use of fire Open question: language

21. Anatomical Insights Thorax shape: hunting Basicranial flexion: language

23. Early Hominid Lifeways Reconstructing behavior Climatic/environmental changes Diet Meat eating Food sharing Foraging Social organization Sexual division of labor Home bases?

25. ANALOGUES Chimps: –Similar brain size to australopithecines –Precursor traits to human societies –Tools, Hunting, Food Sharing Contemporary foragers: –Fully modern anatomically and culturally –What features represent historical universals? –Reconstructing ecology

26. The Limits of Analogy Behavior does not fossilize Chimp “culture” is population specific Human foragers are not living fossils Stone Age Economics

27. Homo erectus/ergaster Homo sapiens Suite of intermediate characters previously ‘archaic’ H. sapiens or pre-sapiens oversimplifies the evolutionary picture Transitional

28. Weidenreich (1943) & Coon (1962) Saw independent line to modern humans P. robustusP. erectusH. soloensisH. sapiens (Wadjak)

29. Archaic Homo sapiens Archaic H. sapiens H. erectus Africa EuropeAsia AMH 600 ka 500 ka 300 ka

31. archaic Homo sapiens by start of Middle Pleistocene (0.7 - 0.2 Ma) H. erectus firmly established Africa Tropical Asia Temperate Asia Temperate Europe replaced by “archaic Homo sapiens” now referred to Homo heidelbergensis

32. Homo heidelbergensis Mauer Jaw –massive mandible -- both primitive (robust) & derived (small molars) –was for a long time the “oldest” European fossil –type specimen –ca. 500,000 years old Mauer Jaw (W. Germany)

33. Slightly larger more globular braincase (1000 - 1400 cm 3 ) steeper forehead and rounded back of skull skull broadest higher up thinner skull bones, reduced musculature mandible and face reduced, smaller molars Old World Distribution 800,000 – 200,000 years ago Homo heidelbergensis

34. Arago, 21, France Kabwe, Zambia Petralona, Greece Bodo, Ethiopia Homo heidelbergensis

35. Figure 13.17 Found 1984 200 Ka 1300 cc (largest transitional in Far East) contemporaneous with H. erectus at Zhoukoudian

36. Figure 13.20c

37. Figure 13.20b