1. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 1 UNIT 7: Get to the Point!

2. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 2 UNIT 7: TO DO LIST  Discussion Board Discussion Board  CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 4 CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 4  Weekly Seminar Weekly Seminar  Quiz Quiz  Discussion Board Discussion Board  CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 4 CORNERSTONE – CHAPTER 4  Weekly Seminar Weekly Seminar  Quiz Quiz

3. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 3 READ!  Reading Skills Reading Skills  Reading Comprehension Reading Comprehension  What Should Schools Do? Educational Leadership, 57(5), 74-77. What Should Schools Do? Educational Leadership, 57(5), 74-77.  Reading Skills Reading Skills  Reading Comprehension Reading Comprehension  What Should Schools Do? Educational Leadership, 57(5), 74-77. What Should Schools Do? Educational Leadership, 57(5), 74-77.

4. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 4 6-Pack For Successful Reading  The material you are reading The material you are reading  The material you are reading The material you are reading

5. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 5 6-Pack For Successful Reading  An Open Mind An Open Mind  An Open Mind An Open Mind

6. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 6 6-Pack For Successful Reading  Pencils Pencils  Pencils Pencils

7. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 7 6-Pack For Successful Reading  Highlighter Highlighter  Highlighter Highlighter

8. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 8 6-Pack For Successful Reading  Paper Paper  Paper Paper

9. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 9 6-Pack For Successful Reading  Dictionary Dictionary  Dictionary Dictionary

10. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 10 CONCENTRATE  DISTRACTIONS DISTRACTIONS  NOTE TAKING NOTE TAKING  READING GOALS READING GOALS  TIME LIMITS TIME LIMITS  DISTRACTIONS DISTRACTIONS  NOTE TAKING NOTE TAKING  READING GOALS READING GOALS  TIME LIMITS TIME LIMITS

11. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 11 Active Readers  Enjoy reading Enjoy reading  Visualize while reading Visualize while reading  Open Mind Open Mind  Enjoy reading Enjoy reading  Visualize while reading Visualize while reading  Open Mind Open Mind

12. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 12 Passive Readers  Get it over with! Get it over with!  Only if I “have” to Only if I “have” to  Get it over with! Get it over with!  Only if I “have” to Only if I “have” to

13. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 13 Make the most of your reading time!

14. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 14 Why is it important to identify the key topic?

15. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 15 Critical Reading  Question what you read Question what you read  Use research to verify Use research to verify  Keep an inquisitive eye! Keep an inquisitive eye!  Question what you read Question what you read  Use research to verify Use research to verify  Keep an inquisitive eye! Keep an inquisitive eye!

16. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 16 UNLOCKING THE KEYS TO SUCCESS  EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE. EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE.  EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE. EACH CLASS YOU SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE UNLOCKS ANOTHER PIECE OF YOUR FUTURE.

17. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 17 See you next week! Continue working on your final project! Continue working on your final project!

18. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 18 Interviews and Interrogations Chapter 9

19. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 19 Introduction It is the duty of each investigator to attempt to secure a confession from suspects they have arrested.

20. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 20 Interview Versus Interrogation Interview  A relatively formal conversation conducted for the purpose of obtaining information. Interrogation  The systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession.

21. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 21 The Interview Process Interviewing witnesses, citizens, and victims:  Develop a plan of action  Conduct the interview in private  Place the interviewee at ease  Be a good listener  Ask the right questions Closed ended questions: Avoid! Open-ended questions: Yes!  Maintain control of the interview  Take brief notes  Adjourn the interview properly

22. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 22 The Suspect Interrogation Process Goals of the Interrogation: Learn the truth Obtain an admission of guilt Obtain all facts to determine the method of operation and the circumstances of the crime Gather information that enables investigators to arrive at logical conclusions Provide information for use by prosecutors in possible court action

23. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 23 Legal Requirements of the Interrogation The confession reigns as one of the most influential types of evidence in a court proceeding Historically, lack of confession meant insufficient evidence  This lead to violent and coercive tactics. These are no longer permitted, these tactics have been replaced by Constitutional guarantees

24. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 24 Safeguarding Against Police Misconduct Improper (even illegal) ways to obtain a confession:  Coercion Use of threat or use of illegal physical methods to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession  Duress The imposition of restrictions on physical behavior, such as prolonged interrogation, deprivation of water, food, or sleep  Physical constraint  Unreasonable delay in arraignment  Refusing legal council during interrogation

25. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 25 Key Cases Brown v. Mississippi (1936)  Physical coercion used to obtain a confession is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Ashcraft v. Tennessee (1944)  Confession overturned because of a prolonged interrogation, duress, intimidation, and other psychological pressure Mallory v. United States (1957)  An officer making an arrest must take the accused, without necessary delay, before the nearest available magistrate and an official complaint must be filed without delay

26. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 26 The Suspect’s Right to Legal Counsel Example of a Miranda card, carried routinely and used by law enforcement situations in arrest situations.

27. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 27 Sample Waiver of Rights Form

28. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 28 The public safety exception to Miranda  Police officers who are reasonably concerned for public safety may question persons who are not in custody and who have not been read the Miranda warning. Custodial interrogations  Miranda applies only when testimonial evidence is being sought  Does not apply to circumstances in which the suspect is free to leave

29. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 29 Preparation for the Interrogation The Interrogation Setting  A key psychological factor contributing to successful interrogations is privacy.

30. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 30 The Interrogation Procedure Two investigators handle the interrogation  One conducts the investigation and the second acts as a witness Interrogation styles  Logical style  Sympathetic style  Indifferent style  Face-saving style  Egotistical style

31. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 31 Verbal Symptoms of Deception Certain psychological and cultural differences can be indicative of lying Liars and Lying  Requires the deceiver to keep the facts straight  Truth tellers attempt to make sure that others understand Liars attempt to manage people’s perceptions

32. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 32 Physical Characteristics of Lying Head position  Tilted, jutting forward, chin on chest Eyebrows  Both raised, one raised, squeezed together Eyes  Breaks eye contact, looks at ceiling and blinks, pupils dilated, closes eyes, narrowed eyes, rapid blinking Hands  Covers eyes, over mouth, on chin, touches/rubs nose, clasped together Legs and feet  Crossed, move beneath chair, one foot tucked

33. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 33 Why Suspects Cooperate and Confess Suspects often cooperate while searching for information about what exactly the investigator knows about the crime. Suspects make confessions when they believe that cooperation is the best course of action. Admission  Self-incriminating statement made by the suspect that falls short of an acknowledgement of guilt Confession  Direct acknowledgment by the suspect of his or her guilt in the commission of a specific crime or as being an integral part of a specific crime

34. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 34 Written Statements Structuring the written statement Tape-recorded statements  The recording procedure Videotaped Confessions  Provide a complete and objective record of police- suspect interaction. Recap bias Framing the tapes

35. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 35 Use of the Polygraph Mechanical device used to help an investigator determine a suspect’s guilt or innocence—a “lie detector” Reliability  The consistency of the examination’s results Validity  The accuracy of the examination Administration  Should be a last-resort effort to attain a suspect’s confession  Can weed out suspects in an investigation and let the focus of the investigation fall on specific persons Admissibility  Not currently admissible as absolute evidence in court

36. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION The Art and the Science, 5/e By Michael D. Lyman PRENTICE HALL © 2008 Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 36 The Voice Stress Analyzer (VSA) Gaining popularity with law enforcement agencies Used as an investigative tool for  Verifying statements of witnesses  Denials of suspects  Determining the validity of allegations made against police officers