2. Aim: Was Alexander the Great a hero or villain? Do Now: Write a short response to the following question: “What makes a hero?” Explain your answer

4. The Peloponnesian War  A civil war within Greece between Athens & Sparta  Started fighting after Athens’ Golden Age Athens began to gain a lot more power and became the dominant city-state…. …….Sparta did not like this  What did Sparta do? Created alliances with other city-states so they could fight to gain control of ALL of Greece

5. The War Continued….  Delian League v. Peloponnesian League Athens & its allies v. Sparta & its allies  The War lasted for 27 YEARS!!!! Until Sparta captured Athens Until Sparta captured Athens

6. Effects of the War  Athens loses its empire  ALL Greeks weakened  Greeks keep fighting leaving them open from outside attacks

7. After the War

8. Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE)  King of Macedon  Father of Alexander  Wants to Unite Greece and defeat the Persian Empire  Increased democracy  Greater education to Nobles’ sons  Brought Greece under control of Macedon How was this possible? The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece, especially Athens

11. Alexander (356-323 BCE)  Son of Philip II  Tutored by Aristotle  Commander in battle at age of 18  Became King of Macedon in 336 when his father was assassinated at his daughters wedding….by his son???

12. Alexander the Great  Best known for his expansion of the Macedonian empire throughout the Aegean region and beyond into Egypt, Persia, and India

14. Cultural Diffusion  Cultural diffusion explains how items and ideas spread from one culture to another.  The exchange of ideas or products between cultures Philosophy Literature Government Technology Religion

15. Do Now: Write down 3 things that are not from the United States.

16. Alexander’s Legacy  Public Image Alexander, despite being the king of Macedonia, did not give in to excess and indulgances Alexander, despite being the king of Macedonia, did not give in to excess and indulgances His people, his court, and his soldiers witnessed Alexander experience the same hardships and victories as the Macedonian citizens This strengthened the people’s and the soldier’s allegiance to the king This strengthened the people’s and the soldier’s allegiance to the king

17. Alexander’s Legacy  In battle, Alexander demonstrated respect for his enemies Honored fallen soldiers Honored fallen soldiers Treated prisoners with due respect Treated prisoners with due respect  Honored his arch-nemesis, Darius of Persia, with a full royal burial  Precedent for modern treatment of POWs

18. Alexander’s Legacy  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRW UCfAPs0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRW UCfAPs0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvRW UCfAPs0  The city of Alexandria, Egypt Became administrative center of the Macedonian Empire Became administrative center of the Macedonian Empire More importantly, was the site of largest library of the ancient world More importantly, was the site of largest library of the ancient world

19. Alexander’s Legacy  Cultural Diffusion After the conquest of Persia, Alexander began to adopt Persian customs After the conquest of Persia, Alexander began to adopt Persian customs ○ Wore Persian attire ○ Proskynesis, or prostration Left soldiers in conquered Left soldiers in conquered lands in order to spread Macedonian traits and customs

20. Alexander’s Legacy  Removal of Persian influence from the Mediterranean region Allowed the region to develop into the “western” culture of today, rather than an “eastern” or “Asian” culture like Persia or India Allowed the region to embrace democracy

21. Alexander’s Legacy  Economic progress Conquest of Persia opened trade between the west and the east, between the Europe and Asia Conquest of Persia opened trade between the west and the east, between the Europe and Asia Standardized currency Standardized currency Merchants traveled the region, exchanging goods as well as ideas Merchants traveled the region, exchanging goods as well as ideas

22. The End  After Alexander’s death, infighting led to the division of the empire into four main kingdoms Macedonia, including Greece, under Cassander Macedonia, including Greece, under Cassander Thrace under Lysimachus Thrace under Lysimachus Seleucids in Persia (Seleucus) Seleucids in Persia (Seleucus) Ptolemids in Egypt (Ptolemy) Ptolemids in Egypt (Ptolemy)  Rome conquered Macedonia in 167, Greece in 145, the Seleucid Empire in 65 BCE, and, finally, Egypt in 30 BCE

23. The Hellenistic Age  Remember, the Greeks believed they were descendents of one father, Hellen, and the word Hellas was their word for Greece  The Age, was a period Greek cultural dominance The spread of Greek, or Hellenic, culture throughout the region The spread of Greek, or Hellenic, culture throughout the region A period of unprecedented contact with non-Greek cultures A period of unprecedented contact with non-Greek cultures The influence of “exotic” cultures on Greek art and ideas (and vice-versa) The influence of “exotic” cultures on Greek art and ideas (and vice-versa)  The Hellenistic Age lasted between the death of Alexander (323 BCE) and the conquest of the region by Rome in 30 BCE

24. Trade and Economics Agriculture was of major importance to the economy. Agriculture was of major importance to the economy. Trade increased throughout the Hellenistic Era. Trade increased throughout the Hellenistic Era. The decrease in the number of political barriers encouraged more commercial traffic. The decrease in the number of political barriers encouraged more commercial traffic.

25. Trade An incredible variety of stuff were traded. An incredible variety of stuff were traded. Gold and Silver from Spain. Gold and Silver from Spain. Salt from Asia Minor. Salt from Asia Minor. Timber from Macedonia. Timber from Macedonia. Ebony, gems, ivory, and spices form India. Ebony, gems, ivory, and spices form India. Frankincense from Arabia. Frankincense from Arabia. Slaves from western Asia Minor. Slaves from western Asia Minor. And many more..... And many more.....

26. Labor Systems Slaves were common in Hellenistic era and did most of the labor. Slaves were common in Hellenistic era and did most of the labor. Farmers used slaves on the farm to help with the work. Farmers used slaves on the farm to help with the work. Kings owed vast amounts of land. Kings owed vast amounts of land. Land was assigned to estate owners and was worked by local peasants dwelling in the villages nearby. Land was assigned to estate owners and was worked by local peasants dwelling in the villages nearby.

27. The Hellenistic Age  Many of the cultural aspects of Greece – philosophy, architecture, theater, and science – exploded during this period, leading to incredible advancements in science and technology, as well as human understanding of the world in which they lived

28. Hellenistic Literature and Art There was an enormous amount of literature produced during the Hellenistic age, most of which has not survived. There was an enormous amount of literature produced during the Hellenistic age, most of which has not survived. Monarchs held literary talent at high esteem. Monarchs held literary talent at high esteem. Some library's had over 500,000 scrolls. Some library's had over 500,000 scrolls. Athens was the theatrical center of the world. Athens was the theatrical center of the world. Eventually Hellenistic sculptors moved away form idealism and began to sculpt more emotional and realistic art such a statues of old women, drunks, and children at play. Eventually Hellenistic sculptors moved away form idealism and began to sculpt more emotional and realistic art such a statues of old women, drunks, and children at play.