1. Welcome To DLD Class !!! About Me ! 1BSCS: Digital Logic Design

2. Course Organization: Quick Format Lectures + Labs: You must attend them. Hands-on tutorials with practical assignments: You must attend the tutorials and make the assignments. Design Project: You must make a design project till end of course. Quizzes: Announced + Unannounced Mid / Final Exam: 2BSCS: Digital Logic Design

3. Course Organization: Literature Text Book: M. Morris Mano, “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, Pearson, 2011 References: M. Morris Mano, Michael D. Ciletti, “Digital design”, 4th edition, 2008 Thomas L. Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals”, 10th edition, Pearson Education, 2008. Digital systems: Principles and applications - Ronald J. Tocci and Widmer Digital systems: Principles and applications - Ronald J. Tocci Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design, Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill 3BSCS: Digital Logic Design

4. Distribution Assignment + Quizzes08 Mid Term12 Final Exam20 Practical20(Further Breakdown ) Total60 Course Organization : Grading Policies:  Quizzes: Most of the Quizzes will be unannounced except few.  Assignments: Regular assignments will be provided. Don't miss assignments as they are highly weighted as well as spine of the course. Rules for assignment submissions are very Clear !!! (100% your own work for credits)  Mid Term / Final Exam :  Practical: Simulation + hardware description language or Hardware based Term Project / demo presentation … Viva (Based on Assignments + Course Understanding ) 4BSCS: Digital Logic Design

5. Course Organization:Correspondance Yahoo Group : dld_bscs Helpful for course All softcopies will be uploaded here. Extra Reading Materials Extra Time : After Lecture Email : Any time Class Timings: Wed: 7.30 – 8.50 PM Fri: 4.30 – 5.50 PM Class Rep. 5BSCS: Digital Logic Design

6. Course Organization: Goals & Objectives Goal:  Goal of course will be to develop an understanding of How digital systems work? How to design your own? (Are u kidding!!!) Speed + Miniaturization benefits achieved Micro-computer operations Simulation tools Hardware Description Language !!! 6BSCS: Digital Logic Design

7. Course Organization: Outline Introduction to Digital systems. Number system and conversions. Boolean algebra and logic gates. Simplification of logic Combinational logic design. Combinational logic circuits. Sequential circuits. Registers/ counters and designing. Memory basics and Type of memories. Computer design basics. Designing based upon CAD tools. Detailed outline is available on group. 7BSCS: Digital Logic Design

8. Your Feedback !!! Quick Introduction. Suggestions for improvement. Anything you want to see in the course ? Data for course group. 8BSCS: Digital Logic Design

9. Systems and its Types: Signal: “Any physical quantity that exist in nature “ Useful : data, current, voltage Useless: noise, interference System: System is an entity that manipulates one or more input signals by implementing a function, thereby producing the outputs. OR System is an entity that processes signals and produces outputs. Types of systems: Continuous-Time systems Discrete-Time systems System Signal 9BSCS: Digital Logic Design

10. Continuous Vs Discrete: Continuous-Time Signals: Quantities that are defined for all values of time. Speech signal, Voltage signal, Sensor output Waveform: 10BSCS: Digital Logic Design Analog Signals are Continuous time signals …

11. Continuous Vs Discrete: Discrete Time Signal: Exists for discrete time instants only. Not defined for all values. Obtained by sampling of continuous time signals. 11BSCS: Digital Logic Design

12. Digital Signals: 12BSCS: Digital Logic Design Are we done with signals? Not yet.Wait a moment for important class of discrete signals i.e., Digital Signals Are we done with signals? Not yet.Wait a moment for important class of discrete signals i.e., Digital Signals

13. Digital Signals: 13BSCS: Digital Logic Design Staircase approximation of discrete signals are digital signals. Digital Signal

14. Analog and Digital: 14BSCS: Digital Logic Design

15. Analog Systems: 15BSCS: Digital Logic Design Example Audio System

16. Digital Systems: 16BSCS: Digital Logic Design Example Digital with Analog ….

17. Digital System: More Examples 17BSCS: Digital Logic Design

18. First computer : 18BSCS: Digital Logic Design The Babbage Difference Engine(1834) 25,000 parts,Mechanical System

19. Evaluation of Technology: 19BSCS: Digital Logic Design *Slide taken from MIT open courseware

20. Fuelling the Innovation: Moore’s Law 20BSCS: Digital Logic Design Number of transistors will double after every 1.5 years. Year 1965,Gordon Moore

21. Week 1 : Lecture 02 21 BSCS: Digital Logic Design

22. Lecture 02: 22BSCS: Digital Logic Design Class group : dld_bscs@yahoogroups.com Invitation sent to you people: Check spam list also. Reading Handout 1: Released Assignment 01 : Drafted From Last Lecture: There was some Buzz in class last lecture. Not Good  Avoid it in future …

23. Check Point : Practice Problem 1 23BSCS: Digital Logic Design 1.Identify the type of signal given in waveform below. 2.How can we change it into digital signal? Name Steps? 3.Draw corresponding waveform of digital signal (2 levels)?

24. Digital Number Systems: 24BSCS: Digital Logic Design As told earlier, digital systems can process discrete set of information, based upon which we have … Digital Number System: Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal Digital Computers are based upon Binary Number System and course primarily revolves around it. BIT: Smallest unit of digital information. Contraction of word Binary Digit. HexadecimalDecimal Binary Octal

25. Number System : Binary 25BSCS: Digital Logic Design Binary system consists of 2 alphabets/symbols/values i.e Zero (0) & One(1). Base-2 system, suitable for digital computers. Why binary? – Hardware perspective : a transistor circuit is either ON or OFF (two stable states). – Easy to implement in software. – Simple and accurate circuit design Representation of Binary Quantities:

26. Base Systems : 26BSCS: Digital Logic Design In order to represent numbers of different bases, we surround a number in parenthesis and then place a subscript with the base of the number. A decimal number(9233) 10 A binary number(11011) 2 A hexadecimal number (30FA) 16 An octal number (6107) 8

27. Binary Representation : 27BSCS: Digital Logic Design Bit : Nibble : 4 bits Byte : 8 bits Word : 16 bits Double word : 32 bits

28. Number Base Conversions : Decimal (Base 10) Octal (Base 8) Binary (Base 2) Hexadecimal (Base 16) Evaluate Magnitude

29. Base-r to Decimal Conversion : 29BSCS: Digital Logic Design Weighting factor scaling is required according to that specific base system. Weights are (base-system)^ position_value Rules are same for  Binary to decimal  Octal to decimal  Hexadecimal to decimal 1.Evaluate magnitude or weighting factor. 2.Multiply number by its weight. 3.Special treatment for fractional parts.

30. Binary to Decimal Conversion : 30BSCS: Digital Logic Design The binary system uses powers of 2 as the multipliers for the coefficients. For example, (1011) 2 = 1x2 3 + 0x2 2 + 1x2 1 + 1x2 0 = (11) 10 What about fractions? (110.10)2 = 1x2 2 + 1x2 1 + 0x2 0 + 1x2 -1 + 0x2 -2 = (6.5) 10 we can represent the binary number 10111.01 as: = 1 X 2 4 + 0 X 2 3 + 1 X 2 2 + 1 X 2 1 + 1 X 2 0 + 0 X 2 -1 + 1 X 2 -2 = = (23.25) 10 – See binary Weighting table as a reference ….

31. More Examples : Handling fractions 31BSCS: Digital Logic Design How to handle binary point :

32. Weighting Table for Binary : 32BSCS: Digital Logic Design Caution : 1K in binary is not 1000 instead its 1024.  2 10 is referred to as Kilo, called "K"  2 20 is referred to as Mega, called "M"  2 30 is referred to as Giga, called "G"

33. Octal to Decimal Conversion: 33BSCS: Digital Logic Design The octal number system is a base-8 system that contains the coefficient values of 0 to 7. The octal system uses powers of 8 as the multipliers for the coefficients. For example, Weights are (base-system)^ position_value Convert octal number 72032 to decimal: 7 X 8 4 + 2 X 8 3 + 0 X 8 2 + 3 X 8 1 + 2 X 8 0 one step for simplification = (29722) 10

34. Hexadecimal System : 34BSCS: Digital Logic Design

35. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion : 35BSCS: Digital Logic Design The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 system that contains the coefficient values of 0 to 9 and A to F. The letters A through F represent the coefficient values of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, respectively. The hexadecimal system uses powers of 16 as the multipliers for the coefficients. For example, Convert hexadecimal number C34D to decimal : 12 X 16 3 + 3 X 16 2 + 4 X 16 1 + 13 X 16 0 One step here … = (49997) 10

36. Base-r to Decimal Conversion : Summary 36BSCS: Digital Logic Design

37. Decimal to Base-r Conversion : 37BSCS: Digital Logic Design The conversion of a decimal integer into a number in base-r is done by dividing the number and all successive quotients by r and accumulating the remainders in reverse order of computation. Decimal to Binary : Decimal to Octal : Decimal to Hexadecimal :

38. Decimal to Binary : 38BSCS: Digital Logic Design Convert (37) 10 to binary (37) 10 = 100101

39. Decimal to Octal : 39BSCS: Digital Logic Design

40. Decimal to hexadecimal : 40BSCS: Digital Logic Design The conversion of a decimal integer into hexadecimal is done by dividing the number and all successive quotients by 16 and accumulating the remainders in reverse order of computation. (422) 10 = (1A6) 16

41. Mixed Conversions : 41BSCS: Digital Logic Design Binary to Octal: – Group the binary digits into three bit groups starting at the radix point and going both ways, padding with zeros as needed. – Convert each group of three bits to an equivalent octal digit. Octal to Binary: – It is done by reversing the preceding procedure – Restate the octal as three binary digits – Start at the radix point and go both ways, padding with zeros as needed.

42. Mixed Conversions : Examples 42BSCS: Digital Logic Design Convert (10110001101011.11110000011) 2 to Octal = 010 110 001 101 011. 111 100 000 110 = 2 6 1 5 3. 7 4 0 6 = (26153.7406) 8 Convert (673.124) 8 to binary = 110 111 011. 001 010 100 = (110111011.001010100) 2 Convert (11010100011011) 2 to Octal

43. Mixed Conversions : 43BSCS: Digital Logic Design Binary to Hexadecimal: – Group the binary digits into four bit groups starting at the radix point and going both ways, padding with zeros as needed (at the ends) – Convert each group of four bits to an equivalent hexadecimal digit Hexadecimal to Binary: – It is done by reversing the preceding procedure – Restate the hexadecimal as four binary digits – Start at the radix point and go both ways, padding with zeros as needed

44. Mixed Conversions : Examples 44BSCS: Digital Logic Design Convert(10110001101011.11110010) 2 to hexadecimal = 0010 1100 0110 1011. 1111 0010 = 2 C 6 B. F 2 = (2C6B.F2) 16 Convert (306.D) 16 to binary = 0011 0000 0110. 1101 = (001100000110.1101) 2 Convert (11010100011011) 2 to hexadecimal

45. Number Base Conversions : Summary Decimal (Base 10) Octal (Base 8) Binary (Base 2) Hexadecimal (Base 16) Evaluate Magnitude

46. 46BSCS: Digital Logic Design