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Computer Concepts Eduardson A. Tacuban, MIT Computer Fundamentals & Generations Lecture 1
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2 Computer The word ‘Computer’ is derived from the ‘Latin’ word ‘Compute’ means to perform calculations Computer is a electronic calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a very fast speed (processing) store data, input/output
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3 Modern computer is an electronic machine that can: Accept data/inputs Store it arithmetically Process the data logically Give some results/outputs
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4 Uses of Computer Country Defense Missile System Atomic Advancement Research – simulations, computations Education Medical Sciences International network of computers? Business Applications Entertainment
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5 Characteristics of Computer Speed – 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec 2 GHz = Accuracy – GIGO – garbage in garbage out Data Storage - storage and retrieval of data, it can store and recall any information
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6 History of Computer Abacus 5000 years ago Sliding beads on the racks Top most slide used for ‘units’ Second top used for 10’s Third top used for 100’s And so on…
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7 Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662) In 1642, Numerical wheel calculator was invented by Blaise Pascal It consists of series of numbered wheels and dials, from zero to nine When one unit passes from 9 to 0, one number is added in the next wheel Only additions and subtractions are performed
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8 Gottfield Vilhem Van Leibniz (1646-1716) In 1694 German mathematician made improvements in the machine Enabled the machine to multiply numbers Machine worked by using gears and dials
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9 Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929) In 1889 American scientist applied the idea of punch cards Used for giving computer the input and receiving the output
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10 George Boole (1815 -1864) Clarified binary system of algebra TRUE / FALSE
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11 1941 – German developed Z3 to design airplanes 1943 – British made Colossus to break the secret codes 1944 – American made Mark I, half as long as foot ball field, 500 miles wiring used
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12 1945 – John Von made EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the key in this computer 1951 – Remington Rand made 1 st commercially available computer named Universal Automatic Computer
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13 Generations Steps of technological differences are called generations Generations of Computers
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14 First Generation (1945 – 1956) Vacuum Tubes, glass devices that control and amplify electronic signals Each computer had a different machine language that tells that how to operate the computer. This made computers difficult to program
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15 Disadvantages Large in size Unreliable Air-conditioning required Non portable
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16 Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Transistors invented Machine Language is replaced with Assembly Language COBOL and ForTRAN developed
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17 Advantages Lesser in size More reliable A bit more portable
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18 Disadvantages Maintenance Required Air-conditioning required Commercial production was costly
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19 Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Integrated Circuits (IC) allowed dozens of transistors to be put on a single chip Operating systems used
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20 Advantages Smaller in size Faster Portable Less power required Easier production
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21 Disadvantages Air-conditioning required Difficult to manufacture IC chips
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22 Fourth Generation (1971 - Present) Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundred of components on one chip In 1980, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) squeezed hundred of thousands of components on one chip
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23 Disadvantages Only disadvantage is highly difficult technology is required for microprocessors
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24 Fifth Generation Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) used Voice Recognition Parallel Processing
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