1. Unit 1 Review AP GoPo Ch. 1, 2, & 3 Foundations & Federalism

2. Weaknesses of the Articles… * Had no Executive Branch, but had a “President of Congress” – elected to a 1 yr term, and mostly just signed papers *** No power to tax, regulate interstate commerce, or raise an army or navy * No common currency * No Judicial branch (Congress settles disputes?) * 9/13 for laws & unanimous to amend

3. Purpose of Federalist Papers? Fed. 10 – factions & a republic; will limit mob effect, or elitist effect, elections will hold leaders accountable; large factions will blunt extreme views Fed. 51 – checks & balances; ambition counteract ambition; repeats effect on limiting factions Fed. 78 – judicial branch is weakest, but has power of judicial review, to “check” Congress

5. Federalist & Anti-Federalists Hamilton – most consistent defender of new Federal Constitution Madison “father of Constitution” - had most of the ideas, and wrote many Fed. Papers, later became advocate for states’ rights Jefferson – most prominent anti-federalist & defender of states’ rights (convinced Madison to join him a decade later)

6. Distribution of Power in U.S. Government (Marxist, Power-Elite, Bureaucratic, Pluralist…) Pluralism – numerous influences – power is spread among a plurality of very influential groups (more than just the elite), – in & out of gov’t; power is NOT “centralized”, – no group has an inordinate amount of power Hyperpluralism – newer theory – Gov’t is influenced by too MANY groups – it’s ability to function is often hampered

8. What if no checks on power? Pro – Government could take action more quickly Con – Government could abuse power more easily

9. Preview Question One way to reduce the separation of powers called for in the Constitution would be to: a. Allow the president to serve two consecutive terms in office b. Allow the president to have full authority over who becomes a justice on the Supreme Court c. Forbid the president from appointing member of Congress to serve in the cabinet d. Reduce the term of office for a member of the House of Representatives from four years to two years

10. Preview Question One way to reduce the separation of powers called for in the Constitution would be to: a. Allow the president to serve two consecutive terms in office b. Allow the president to have full authority over who becomes a justice on the Supreme Court c. Forbid the president from appointing a member of Congress to serve in the Cabinet d. Reduce the term of office for a member of the House of Representatives from four years to two years

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12. Article 1, section 8 What’s in it? How has the power to “regulate interstate commerce” evolved?

13. Last 2 things Critical Period – after the Declaration, before the new Constitution; life in colonies was not good – difficult to survive weather, crops, political stability uncertain Amendment Process – reflects Federalism how? – Step 1; Proposal by Nat’l (Congress or convention) – Step 2; Ratification by states (Legis. or conv.)

14. Constitution’s Influences Hobbes – social contract, but with a monarch, because human nature is bad Locke – human nature is good, and social contract w/in a republic is best Montesquieu – separation of powers, especially a judicial branch Social Contract - Plato, then Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau Locke & Jefferson – revolution is an obligation, to resist tyranny (many other ideas in Declaration) Magna Carta – limited government English Bill of Rights – due process, trial by jury

15. Constitutional Compromises The CT (GREAT) Compromise – settled legislative representation w/ bicameral 3/5 Compromise; increased Southern representation & taxes owed Electoral College – Pres. elected by electors, not direct pop. election Commerce & Slave Trade – Congress can’t tax exports – Congress can’t pass any law regarding “importation of persons” until at least 1808

16. Marbury v. Madison The 1 st extremely significant Supreme Court case Case Summary: Adams tried to pack courts when lost to Jefferson Court said part of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional = S.C. struck down a law!!!!! Claimed the power of judicial review for the 1 st time (intended at Philly Convention, but not clear in Constitution) John Marshall continues as Chief J. to make S.C. important