2. http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/

3. Traditional food production and distribution practices are unable to feed the world’s 6.3+ billion people Will resources in the sea be able to provide enough food to alleviate future problems of malnutrition and starvation ?

4. Most valuable living marine resources: Demersal fish Pelagic fish Crustaceans Mollusks Marine mammals

5. Location of the world’s major commercial fisheries upwelling coastal areas

6. Commercial fishing: 500 species regularly caught Employs 200 million people worldwide In 2002 the world fishing fleet numbered about four million vessels. In 2005: 100 million tons taken $70 billion

7. Global Fish Catch

9. World Commercial Catch of Marine Fishes, Crustaceans, and Mollusks (1995) cod Species Group Millions of Metric Tons, Live Wt. Herrings, sardines, anchovies22.0 Jacks, mullets, sauries11.2 Mollusks11.0 Cods, hake, haddock10.6 Redfish, basses, conger eels 7.0 Crustaceans 4.8 Tunas, bonitos, billfish 4.7 Mackerel, snooks, cutlass fishes 4.7 Flounders, halibut, soles 0.9 Miscellaneous marine fishes17.7 Total (excluding marine mammals)94.6

11. Non-Food Products from the Sea Bioactive Compounds Algin & Agar: products from seaweed Whales: Oil for lubrication, in cosmetics, bones for fertilizer Seals and sea lions: furs

12. Food from the Sea Seaweeds Invertebrates (e.g., oysters, clams, crabs, lobster, squid, etc.) Fish (herring, mackerel, haddock, cod, tuna, mahi-mahi, etc.) Whales

13. Fisheries management Fisheries management seeks to maintain a long- term fishery by: –Assessing ecosystem health –Determining fish stocks –Analyzing fishing practices –Enforcing catch limits Fisheries management does not regulate the number of fishing vessels

14. Fisheries Mismanagement

15. Fisheries mismanagement Overfishing Commercial extinction Bycatch (27 million metric tons annually) Targeting smaller species on the low end of the food chain

16. Bycatch by Gear Type for 2002/2003

17. Euphausia superba

18. Who eats Krill?

19. Krill & the Antarctic Food Web Critical components of Antarctic food webs

20. Krill Fishery Annual consumption by natural predators = 470 million MT 1972: Japan and Russia began harvesting krill

21. Krill Fishery… Potential harvest = 25-30 million MT/yr Economic cost of fishery high Patchy distribution complicates location Depths may be 150-200m Single net haul may collect 10 MT Ecological consequences of removal poorly understood

22. Peru Anchovy Fishery

23. Upwelling zone off Peru Fishery began 1950 Greatest fish catches for any single species Fish exported for domestic animal feed Fishery collapsed due to El Niño and overfishing

24. = El Niño 1957 1965 1972 1976 1982-83 Peru Anchovy Fishery

25. Normal Year El Niño Year

26. Collapse of New England Fisheries Cod, haddock, ocean perch, herring, mackerel, blue fin tuna George’s Bank- highly productive, nutrient rich environment Prior to 1976, Russia, Japan, Norway, & West Germany fished in Georges Bank

27. Collapse of New England Fisheries Magnuson Act passed & prevented foreigners from fishing in U.S. waters Fishery technology intensified and resulted in overfishing Harvests were beyond the max. sustainable yield Georges Bank closes after collapse Some fish stocks begin to rebound

28. Fisheries Management Council The Magnuson Act created 8 regional fisheries management councils for U.S. waters and regions: North Pacific FMC (Anchorage, AK) Pacific FMC (Portland, OR) Western Pacific FMC (Honolulu, HI) New England FMC (Saugus, MA) Mid-Atlantic FMC (Dover, DE) South Atlantic (Charleston, SC) Gulf of Mexico FMC (Tampa, FL) Caribbean (San Juan, PR)

29. Fisheries Management Plans Congress directed the Councils to manage federal fisheries by creating Fisheries Management Plans or “FMPs” by: 1. Identifying fish species that need management 2. Analyzing the biological, environmental, economic and social factors that affect the fishery 3. Preparing (and modifying, as necessary) an FMP to protect fishery resources while maintaining opportunities for domestic commercial and recreational fishing

30. Salmon Anadromous fish that migrate from sw to fw to spawn Spawning grounds affected by dam construction Aquaculture and restocking efforts

31. Fish Ladders

32. Alaska Fisheries Halibut and sablefish IFQ Limited entry c1930’s

33. Shark Overfishing Slow growth Low reproductive rate Late sexual maturity

34. Orange Roughy Distribution: world wide, high concentrations in New Zealand Found: 700-1000m depth Life span: slow-growing, long-lived, ~150 years Size: 30-40 cm Diet: prawns, fish, & squid Reproductive age: 25-30 years old

36. Fishing Techniques

37. Fishing Methods Harpoon - whales, swordfish, bluefin tuna Pole and line - mahi-mahi and used for tuna extensively in the 50‘s Longline - swordfish, tuna (pelagic); cod, halibut (bottom) Trolling - salmon, albacore, mahi-mahi Drift (gill) netting - various pelagic fish Trawl - anchovies (pelagic); cod, halibut (bottom) Purse seine - sardines, herring, mackerel Traps and Pots - Crabs, lobster, rock fish

38. Drift Net net size: 20 m x 65 km

39. Longlining

40. Gill net Bottom-dwelling fish

41. Purse seine

42. Trawl midwater bottom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUHcD_jTgVA

43. Before trawl After trawl

44. Trawl from space Gulf of Mexico, near Louisiana coast. Individual vessels can be seen as bright spots at end of sediment trails. Other bright spots are fixed oil and gas production platforms. One sediment trail can be traced for 27 km. Assuming a standard trawling speed of 2.5 knots, sediment from this trawl is visibly persistent for nearly 6 hours. Water depth <20m. Large, indistinct bright blue patches at lower left and upper right are cloud/haze. (Credit: Landsat)

45. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 1.200 nautical miles 2.under direct control of the country that owns the nearest land Allow nations to claim jurisdiction over their territorial seas (contiguous sea beds and their waters that extend off shore by 12 nautical miles) Regulates continental shelf resources: Fishing Mineral exploration Scientific research

46. Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States

49. Fisheries Problems & Solutions A.Maximum sustainable yield: maximum amount of fish that can be harvested without depleting future stocks B.World‘s maximum sustainable yield estimated at 100 to 135 million metric tons C.Present harvests are at about 100 million metric tons D.For fisheries where numbers available, estimated that 45% are currently over-fished E. A number of fisheries have already collapsed (Anchovy fishery off Peru, Cod fishery in the N. Atlantic)

50. Fisheries Problems & Solutions F. Bycatch (or bykill): animals unintentionally killed during harvest of the target species Trawling: Bycatch in shrimp trawling is very high (125 to 830% of the catch is discarded as bycatch), turtles often caught in trawls. SOLUTION: trawls with trap doors to let turtles escape

51. Dolphins caught in tuna net Purse seine: Tuna known to hang out under pods of dolphins, nets set around pods of dolphins would result in many drowning. SOLUTIONS: Nets not set around dolphin pods and/or employ — “backing down”, a technique that lowers upper edge of net letting dolphins escape

52. Fisheries Problems & Solutions Driftnets: indiscriminate entangling of many sorts of marine animals SOLUTION: banned in oceanic fisheries (but some countries still using them)

53. Fisheries Problems & Solutions Long lining: Many albatross drown trying to snatch bait from long lines being deployed. snagged on hooks and pulled under. SOLUTION: deploy in the dark or with special rig to let line out under water.

54. Global swordfish catch http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/wpa cfin/hi/dar/Pages/hi_fish_2.php Ave. wt. in lbs year

56. Mariculture or Aquaculture (marine agriculture)- farming finfish, shellfish and algae under favorable conditions Big Island, Kona, Tilapia

57. One of every four fish eaten today was raised in either a fw or sw fish farm.

58. 84% of the 6 million to 7 million tons of seafood consumed each year in the U.S. is imported. About ½ comes from aquaculture. H. Jones, Time, 2011.

61. Aquaculture also produces: Bait fish Ornamental or aquarium fish Aquatic animals used to augment natural populations Algae for chemical extraction Pearl oysters

62. 2000 years ago in Egypt, Rome, China <2000 years in Hawaii 600 years ago France developed mussel aquaculture 500 years ago Europe developed the idea of using pond fertilizer to promote plankton growth 400 years ago China discovered that oysters would grow on bamboo stakes 1960’s- Europe and U.S. catfish and salmon History:

64. The Ahupua‘a

65. Molokai: South Coast The pond’s walls were made from lava boulders and coral. Walls keep the fish inside while allowing the sea water to ebb in and out.

66. Types of fish raised in ponds: ulua (papio) owama (goatfish) kahala (amberjack) manini (convict tang) palani (surgeon) oio (bonefish) uhu (parrotfish) These fish were kept in a separate pond to breed and raised so they could easily be harvested by hand.

67. Criteria for selecting species for farming: -inexpensive to grow - grows quickly -high sales price -resistant to disease and parasites tilapia barramundicatfish

68. Problems associated with Mariculture: Won’t make a dent in the shortfall in food supply Fish food- fish meal Pollution Escapees Loss of natural habitat Loss of genetic diversity High stress overcrowding pens High concentration of pathogens/parasites

69. Overcrowded Pens

70. Salmon with lice Parasites & Disease

71. Pollution Under a salmon farm cage

72. Fish Vaccination

73. Integrated Aquaculture Aquaponics

74. Hawaii open ocean aquaculture Mio, big eye tuna, yellow tail $34.7 million in 2008

76. Artificial Reefs Improve the local marine bio-density 1.attract schools of fish 2.providing habitats for the colonization of commercially valuable species 3.improve the local inshore marine harvest May wash up on beaches tiresship wrecks construction rubble

77. T T T T

78. Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

79. http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/download.asp Hawaii Seafood Guide 2007

80. Barramundi (U.S. farmed) Clams (farmed) Crab, dungeness Halibut (Pacific) Salmon(wild) Swordfish (Hawaii) Tilapia (farmed) Skip-jack tuna (troll/poll, handline) Hawaii Seafood Guide 2007 Chilean Seabass Cod, Atlantic Mahi mahi (imported longline) Salmon (farmed) Sharks Shrimp (imported) Swordfish (imported) Orange roughy Tuna, Albacore (worldwide except Hawaii) Tuna Bige Eye (longline) Tuna bluefin Catfish (farmed imported) Crab, Kona Groupers (NWHI) Lobster (American/Maine) Octopus (Hawaii) Squid Trevally/Jack (Hawaii) Tuna, canned Tuna, Skipjack (Hawaii longline)

81. Inquiry 1.What problems are associated with aquaculture? 2.What does fisheries sustainability mean? 3.What occurred shortly after the Magnuson Act was passed? 4.Define the EEZ. 5.What contributed to the demise of the Peru anchovy fishery? 6.Discuss technology changes in the fishing industry in the last 100 years.