2. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries1 Exchange Points, Route Servers and Registries Abha Ahuja ahuja@umich.edu

3. Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries2 Objectives zTo be able to explain what an exchange point is zTo be able to explain why people use XPs zTo understand why they are important zTo review some current exchange point designs used today zTo think about how to set up an exchange point in your environment zTo understand why Route Servers are useful zTo be able to explain what routing registries do and why you should use one

4. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries3 Introduction to Exchange Points za bit of history zWhat are they? zWhy use them?

5. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries4 A Bit of History… zEnd of NSFnet - one major backbone zmove towards commercial Internet yprivate companies selling their bandwidth zneed for coordination of routing exchange between providers yTraffic from ISP A needs to get to ISP B zRouting Arbiter project created to facilitate this

6. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries5 What is an Exchange Point? zNetwork Access Points (NAPs) established at end of NSFnet zMajor providers connect their networks and exchange traffic zHigh-speed network or switch zSimple concept - where providers come together to exchange traffic

7. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries6 Exchange points ISPs connect at Exchange Points or Network Access Points to exchange traffic XP 1 XP 2 ISP A ISP B

8. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries7 Conceptual Diagram of XP Customer Router Exchange Point Medium

9. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries8 Why use an Exchange Point? zRouters are attached to exchange traffic zMLPA, bilateral, customer/transit relationships zExamples in U.S: yAADS yMae-East/Mae-West yPacbell yPAIX

10. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries9 Why XPs? zMultiple service providers zEach with Internet connectivity Internet A B

11. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries10 Why XPs? zIs not cost effective zBackhaul issue causes cost to both parties Internet A B

12. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries11 Why XPs? zDomestic Interconnection Internet A B

13. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries12 Exchange Structures ylayer 2 models (the NAP or IX) xtailored bilateral policies

14. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries13 Why use an Exchange Point? zPeering yShared medium vs. point-to-point yShared xcan exchange traffic with multiple peers at one location via one interface yPoint-to-Point xfor high volumes of traffic

15. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries14 The Need for Exchanges AS 2 AS 1 US ASIA

16. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries15 The Need for Exchanges AS 2 AS 1 US ASIA

17. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries16 Why use an Exchange Point? zKEEP LOCAL TRAFFIC LOCAL!!! yISPs within a region peer with each other at local exchange yNo need to have traffic go overseas only to come back

18. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries17 Exchange Point Design zEthernet zFDDI zATM zDesigns range from the simple to the complex yFddi gigaswitches to ethernet switches

19. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries18 When can an XP be a bad thing? zToo many exchange points in one region ycompeting exchanges defeats the purpose zBecomes expensive for ISPs to connect to all of them

20. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries19 Exchange Point policies/politics zAUPs zNobody is obliged to peer zdon’t spoof

21. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries20 Exchange Point etiquette zDon’t point default zThird-party next-hop zFilter! Filter! Filter! yOr do reverse path check

22. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries21 Exchange Point examples zAADS (Ameritech) in Chicago, USA yATM switches zPacbell in California, USA ytrunked (geographically diverse) ATM switches zPAIX in Palo Alto, California, USA yFddi gigaswitches zMAE West in California, USA ytrunked Fddi gigaswitches

23. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries22 Exchange Point examples zLINX in London, UK yEthernet switches zAMS-IX in Amsterdam yEthernet switches zNSPIXP-2 in Tokyo, Japan yEthernet switches

24. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries23 Features of XPs zRedundancy ymultiple switches zsupport yNOC to provide 24x7 support for problems at the exchange zDNS, Routing Registries, NTP servers yservers often colocated at these centralized points

25. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries24 Features of XPs zlocation yneutral colocation facilities zaddress space zAS zRoute servers zstatistics

26. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries25 More info about IXs zhttp://www.ep.net zhttp://www.rsng.net

27. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries26 Things to think about... zDo you need to be at an Exchange Point? zWould you want to start an Exchange Point? zWould keeping local traffic local benefit your ISP? zWould your environment (politically, etc.) support an Exchange Point?

28. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries27 Discussion zHow would you build an exchange point in your environment? zWho would connect? zWhat services would you provide? zWhat policies would you enforce? zWhat does your environment look like? yIs it feasible to set up an XP?

29. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries28 Route Server Background zWhat is a Route Server? zFeatures of a Route Server zAdvantages of using a Route Server zExchange Point Design with a Route Server

30. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries29 What is a Route Server? zUnix box which runs Route Server software zExchanges routing information with service provider routers at a NAP based on policy zDoes not forward packets

31. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries30 Route Server at an XP NAP R3R2 R1 ROUTE SERVER

32. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries31 Features of a Route Server zScalable Routing zSimplified Routing Processes on ISP Routers zInsertion of RS Autonomous System Number in the Routing Path

33. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries32 Features of a Route Server (con) zHandling of Multi-Exit Discriminator zRoute Flap Dampening Mechanism zUses Policy registered in IRR

34. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries33 Diagram of N-squared Mesh

35. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries34 With the Route Servers

36. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries35 RS Exchange Point Routing Flow TRAFFIC FLOW ROUTING INFORMATION FLOW

37. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries36 Advantages of Using a Route Server zScalable Routing zSeparation of Routing and Forwarding zSimplify Routing Configuration Management on ISPs routers zEnforce Good Routing Engineering

38. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries37 Advantages of Using a Route Server (con)  PREVENTS SPREAD OF BOGUS ROUTING INFORMATION!

39. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries38 Peering with the Route Servers zAny ISP attached to a NAP can peer with the Route Servers zISP must register their policy in the Internet Routing Registry zMust use BGP

40. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries39 RSd zRoute Server Daemon zOriginally developed by ISI during RA project zDeveloped from GateD zMulti-view zeBGP only zUses import-from only

41. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries40 Things to think about... zHow would using a route server benefit you? zConsider setting one up yourself for your community, or talk to Merit...

42. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries41 Route Server References zhttp://www.rsng.net zhttp://www.merit.edu/ipma zhttp://www.isi.edu/ra

43. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries42 What is the Routing Registry? ycontact names, email addresses and telephone numbers for an AS yrouting policy for an AS (what other ASes does it connect to, which routes do they exchange) yinformation about routes (most important is which AS originates the route) yseveral other types of information

44. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries43 What is the Routing Registry? zDistributed database collectively known as Internet Routing Registry (IRR) yRADB, RIPE, CW, ANS, Canet zProviders register routing policy zUsed for planning, debugging and generating backbone router configs zhttp://www.radb.net/

45. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries44 What is the Routing Registry? zCan be used by anyone worldwide ydebugging yconfiguring yengineering routing yaddressing

46. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries45 What happens if I don’t use a database? zRouting Horror Stories yAS7007 yannouncing bogus routes

47. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries46 So, I need to use the database because….. zFilters generated off the IRR protect against inaccurate routing information zMakes troubleshooting and debugging easier zKeep track of policy zSecurity zFilter! Filter! Filter!!

48. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries47 Why Bother with all of this? zView of global routing policy in a single cooperatively maintained database zto improve integrity of Internet’s routing zgenerate router configs yprotect against inaccurate routing info distribution yverification of Internet routing

49. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries48 Why Bother using the database (con) zMany providers require that you register your policy (or they won’t peer with you)

50. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries49 Policy Languages zexpress policy with aut-num objects, route objects, AS-MACROS zcurrently RIPE-181 zmoving to RPSL ymore policy control

51. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries50 What is RPSL? zRouting Policy Specification Language zDesigned to replace current language (RIPE-181) zEnhanced and more generalized

52. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries51 How does the language work? zObject-oriented zExpress policy in objects yperson ymntner yrole yaut-num yroute zCan make sets of objects

53. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries52 Describing Policy zUse the language to describe your relationship with other Peers yroutes importing yroutes exporting yspecific policies xinterfaces, MEDs, communities

54. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries53 Querying the Database zwhois -h whois.radb.net AS237 zwhois -h whois.radb.net MAINT-AS237 zwhois -h whois.radb.net 198.108.60.0

55. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries54 How to Register your IRR policy zRegister one or more maintainers zRegister AS and policy information zRegister Routes zDescribes your import and export policy yAt the very least, provides contact information

56. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries55 Register your maintainer mntner: MAINT-AS237 descr: Maintainer for AS 237 admin-c: Abha Ahuja upd-to: ahuja@merit.edu mnt-nfy: ahuja@merit.edu mnt-by: MAINT-AS237 auth: MAIL-FROM ahuja@merit.edu changed: ahuja@merit.edu 941219 source: RADB

57. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries56 Register your Routes route: 35.0.0.0/8 descr: Merit Network, Inc. descr: University of Michigan descr: 4251 Plymouth Road, Suite C descr: Ann Arbor descr: MI 48105-2785, USA origin: AS237 mnt-by: MAINT-AS237 changed: ahuja@merit.edu 931113 source: RADB

58. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries57 Register your aut-num zDescribe your policy! zPeering relationships zimport-from zexport-to zcan use AS-sets

59. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries58 Register your aut-num (con) aut-num: AS237 as-name: MICHNET-ASN descr: MichNet Primary AS descr: Merit Network Inc. descr: Ann Arbor, MI USA as-in: AS3561 accept ANY as-out: AS3561 announce AS237 admin-c: JMD24 tech-c: JMD24 notify: MCI-notify@merit.edu mnt-by: MERIT-MAINT-MCI changed: sobo@merit.edu 980202 source: CW

60. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries59 Register your aut-num (con) as-set: AS237:AS-CUSTOMERS descr: ASs for which MichNet provides descr:transit service members: AS229,AS237,AS238,AS7016,AS10330 tech-c: MichNet NOC admin-c: MichNet NOC remark: transit ASs of MichNet notify: routing-notify@merit.edu mnt-by: MAINT-AS237 changed: ahuja@merit.edu 990222 source: RADB

61. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries60 Router Configuration zCurrently configs by hand - slow and inaccurate zConfiguring routers using the IRR ylots of tools available!!! yRtConfig by ISI xroute and Aspath filters. xImport and export zFiltering is a good thing...

62. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries61 Router Configuration zCurrently configs by hand - slow and inaccurate zConfiguring routers using the IRR ylots of tools available!!! zFiltering is a good thing... zPlans for some routers to support RPSL directly

63. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries62 Router Configuration

64. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries63 How do I use the IRR to generate configs? zTools available to generate config files ygated yrsd yCisco zRAToolSet yhttp://www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSet yRtConfig yAoe, Roe

65. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries64 yRIPE181 whois queries, flags, objects yRPSL whois queries, flags, objects yComplete support for RAToolSet queries (fast!) yCisco configuration and management interface yComplete automated mirroring support What does the RADB support now?

66. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries65 How do I participate? zSet up your own registry yPrivate for your ISP? yCommunity for the region? yDownload the software (IRRd) zUse the RADB

67. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries66 Things to think about... zHow would you register your policy? yTry to describe it in an aut-num object zHow would registering your policy benefit you? The community?

68. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries67 Resources zhttp://www.radb.net zhttp://www.irrd.net zhttp://www.isi.edu/ra/rps zhttp://www.isi.edu/ra/RAToolSet zhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rps- charter.html zhttp://www.rsng.net zhttp://www.ripe.net

69. ahuja@umich.edu Exchange Points, Route Servers and Routing Registries68 Specifics zRegister your policy in the RADB yMerit can assist (db-admin@radb.net) zQuestions? Need help? yirrd-support@merit.edu ydb-admin@radb.net