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Amnesia Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain
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Causes of Amnesia Concussion Migraines Hypoglycemia Epilepsy Electroconvulsive shock therapy Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) Ischemic events Drugs (esp. anesthetics) Infection Psychological Nutritional deficiency Lack of Sleep!
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Amnesia Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain Two broad categories: –Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage
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Amnesia Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain Two broad categories: –Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage –Anterograde: loss of ability to store new memories of events after damage
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Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia
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Short-term and sensory memory are typically functional
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Lost Mariner - What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) Lesions to Medial Thalamus –Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) Lesions to Medial Thalamus –Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency –Severe anterograde amnesia
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) Lesions to Medial Thalamus –Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency –Severe anterograde amnesia –Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) Lesions to Medial Thalamus –Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency –Severe anterograde amnesia –Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage –Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory
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Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) Lesions to Medial Thalamus –Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency –Severe anterograde amnesia –Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage –Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory –Often unaware of their deficit
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H. M. Patient H. M. - suffered from extreme epilepsy
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H. M. Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) –William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s
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H. M. Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) –William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s –Severe anterograde amnesia
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H. M. Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) –William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s –Severe anterograde amnesia –Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years before surgery
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H. M.
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Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)
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H. M. Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) –Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory
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H. M. Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) –Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory –Some implicit awareness of recent events
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H. M. Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) –Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory –Some implicit awareness of recent events –Normal digit span (short-term memory) !
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Hypermnesia - S. “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist)
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Hypermnesia - S. “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist) Able to recall complex test stimuli
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Hypermnesia - S. S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: –Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links
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Hypermnesia - S. S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: –Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links –Vivid and elaborate mental imagery of things he should remember
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Hypermnesia - S. “ Even numbers remind me of images. Take the number 1. This is a proud, well-built man; 2 is a high-spirited woman; 3 a gloomy person (shy, I don’t Know); 6 a man with a swollen foot...” Luria, A.R. The mind of a mnemonist. 1968 Luria, A.R. The man with a shattered world. 1972
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Next Time Awareness and Your Brain
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