1. America’s Musical Landscape 5th edition PowerPoint by Brenda Leach Towson University Part 6 Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued2 Experimentalism Rhythm and timbre – replaced melody and harmony as elements of primary interest Use of traditional instruments and voices in nontraditional ways such as whispers, shouts and groans Harry Partch (1910-1974) One of many composers who invented new instruments such as the kithara, crychord, marimba eroica

3. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued3 Tape Music and Electronic Synthesizer Tape Music Electronic Synthesizer Oscillators Fingerboard Electronic Filters Computers

4. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued4 Milton Babbit (b. 1916) Used 12-tone technique as a young composer Extended this concept beyond pitch to include rhythm An exponent of electronic music Ensembles for Synthesizer – his work which is an early example of electronic music

5. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued5 John Cage and Chance Music Chance/Aleatory music Counterparts in visual arts were Abstract Expressionist painters like Jackson Pollack; moving sculptures of Alexander Calder Committed to Zen Buddhism Role of Improvisation Random music

6. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued6 Important Works by Cage Imaginary Landscape no. 4 (1951) composed for 12 radios 4’33” – experimental piece based on “silence” His music reflected his belief that all sounds are worthy of attention

7. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued7 Other Composers of Chance Music Morton Feldman (1926-1987) Earle Brown (b. 1926) Christan Wolff (b. 1934)

8. © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Part 6: Tradition and Innovation in Concert Music Chapter 23: The Avant-Garde, Continued8 Notation Laurie Anderson (b. 1947) Clusters Graphs Music notated as visual art Pauline Oliveros (b. 1932)