1. Canada and the Cold War

2. Canada and the Cold War- Concerns and Suspicions a) The Gouzenko Affair a) The Gouzenko Affair   In September 1945 a Russian clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa, Igor Gouzenko took documents proving a Soviet spy ring was operating in Canada to the Ottawa Journal.   At first no one paid him any attention, so Gouzenko fearing for his life and his family’s he went to the RCMP, the department of justice, and the PM’s office.

3. a) The Gouzenko Affair – cont’ it wasn’t until Soviet agents broke into Gouzenko’s apartment that the police listened to his story. In February 1946 the RCMP arrested several people suspected of being Soviet spies; eighteen were brought to trial and eight were found guilty. The spy ring was likely trying to discover the secrets of the atomic bomb The threat of communism and the Cold War now hit home for Canadians

4. The Red Scare The massive fear of communism became known as the Red Scare The massive fear of communism became known as the Red Scare The RCMP began inquiries of potential communists in Canada The RCMP began inquiries of potential communists in Canada PM Louis St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism, believing doing do was a dictatorship tactic not a democratic PM Louis St. Laurent refused to outlaw communism, believing doing do was a dictatorship tactic not a democratic Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis introduced the Padlock law to shut down suspected communist organizations Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis introduced the Padlock law to shut down suspected communist organizations

5. Tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union (USSR) The tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union became known as the Cold War because the conflict never erupted into an open war. It lasted over forty years.

6. Post-World War Two Tensions The U.S. and the Soviet Union were allies in WWII, however the only commonality between them was opposition of the Axis powers The U.S. and the Soviet Union were allies in WWII, however the only commonality between them was opposition of the Axis powers As tensions grew both countries used espionage (spies) and assisted their allies during small conflicts (wars) As tensions grew both countries used espionage (spies) and assisted their allies during small conflicts (wars) Both countries stockpiled arms including nuclear weapons, and became known as superpowers Both countries stockpiled arms including nuclear weapons, and became known as superpowers The super powers did not fight directly with one another (= nuclear annihilation), but competed for political influence over smaller countries The super powers did not fight directly with one another (= nuclear annihilation), but competed for political influence over smaller countries The tensions between the superpowers began through political and economic differences: the Soviet Union was communist and the U.S. capitalist The tensions between the superpowers began through political and economic differences: the Soviet Union was communist and the U.S. capitalist

7. Policy of Containment Policy of Containment Western countries feared that the goal of communists was to overthrow all societies Western countries feared that the goal of communists was to overthrow all societies the American strategy was to ‘contain’ communism by preventing it from spreading to other countries the American strategy was to ‘contain’ communism by preventing it from spreading to other countries The U.S. therefore provided economic aid and military support to those countries threatened by communism The U.S. therefore provided economic aid and military support to those countries threatened by communism

8. Policy of Containment Policy of Containment

9. Containment – cont’ In 1947 the U.S. passed the Marshall Plan, which gave aid (billions) to European economies to re- build after WWII In 1947 the U.S. passed the Marshall Plan, which gave aid (billions) to European economies to re- build after WWII

10. Containment – Domino Theory The Domino Theory: the Americans developed this metaphor to describe the fear of countries falling one by one to the Soviets and communism The Domino Theory: the Americans developed this metaphor to describe the fear of countries falling one by one to the Soviets and communism Stalin had quickly created communist regimes in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia after WWII Stalin had quickly created communist regimes in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia after WWII

11. McCarthyism In the U.S. anyone suspected of being a communist could be persecuted, fired or black listed; this became known as “witch hunting” or McCarthyism because it was led by Senator Joseph McCarthy and the “Committee of Un- American Activities” In the U.S. anyone suspected of being a communist could be persecuted, fired or black listed; this became known as “witch hunting” or McCarthyism because it was led by Senator Joseph McCarthy and the “Committee of Un- American Activities”

12. The Division of Germany At the end of WWII Germany was split into four zones of occupation At the end of WWII Germany was split into four zones of occupation Britain, France, the U.S. joined their three zones to form West Germany and the Soviet Union created East Germany (German Democratic Republic) Britain, France, the U.S. joined their three zones to form West Germany and the Soviet Union created East Germany (German Democratic Republic) Although Berlin was located in East Germany, it also was divided into four zones. Western nations were permitted access through specific highways, railways and air corridors. Although Berlin was located in East Germany, it also was divided into four zones. Western nations were permitted access through specific highways, railways and air corridors.

13. Germany – Berlin Blockade When the West introduced new currency into West Germany, the Soviet Union refused to accept it in Berlin and blocked transportation routes which the West used to supply West Berlin. When the West introduced new currency into West Germany, the Soviet Union refused to accept it in Berlin and blocked transportation routes which the West used to supply West Berlin. This was considered a direct act of confrontation by Stalin, and the Western nations did not want to give up Berlin (due to the domino theory). This was considered a direct act of confrontation by Stalin, and the Western nations did not want to give up Berlin (due to the domino theory). For 15 months (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) West Berlin got supplies through massive airlifts by the Western Nations. For 15 months (June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949) West Berlin got supplies through massive airlifts by the Western Nations. The Soviets realized the blockade was not working and the dispute ended with two separate governments for Berlin. The Soviets realized the blockade was not working and the dispute ended with two separate governments for Berlin.

14. Berlin Blockade - Airlifts

15. Berlin Blockade Western Allies decided to form NATO (1948) after the Berlin Blockade Crisis Western Allies decided to form NATO (1948) after the Berlin Blockade Crisis The Berlin Blockade became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War The Berlin Blockade became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War The crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French humanitarian airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin; referred to as Operation Vittles. The crisis abated after the Soviet Union did not act to stop American, British and French humanitarian airlifts of food and other provisions to the Western-held sectors of Berlin; referred to as Operation Vittles. The Berlin Blockade was one of the largest blockades in history. The Berlin Blockade was one of the largest blockades in history.

16. Germany – The Berlin Wall In August 1961 the Berlin Wall began construction, closing the border between East and West Berlin (for 28 years). In August 1961 the Berlin Wall began construction, closing the border between East and West Berlin (for 28 years). Professionals and skilled workers were migrating to West Berlin, damaging the East economically and Soviet leader Khrushchev approved the building of a wall to stop emigration. Professionals and skilled workers were migrating to West Berlin, damaging the East economically and Soviet leader Khrushchev approved the building of a wall to stop emigration. The Berlin Wall became a major symbol of the Cold War The Berlin Wall became a major symbol of the Cold War

17. Berlin Wall East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. 20 November196120 November1961

18. Berlin Wall Berlin Wall - view from West Berlin - death strip & graffiti; In the last phase of the wall's development, the "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would-be escapees from the East.

19. Main concerns for world politicians at this time*: 1. Defense and Security 2.Encouraging Peace – The United Nations 3. Indirect Conflicts *See separate Slideshows