1. African Governments AC- Do you know government? Describe and explain the governments of Kenya, South Africa and Sudan

2. How do citizens participate in the government?  Autocratic/Autocracy  Oligarchic/Oligarchy  Democratic/Democracy

3. Autocratic/Autocracy  Rule of ONE  Long definition: government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in government.  Examples of autocratic governments  Dictatorship  Absolute Monarchy  Theocracy

4. Oligarchic/Oligarchy  Rule of a FEW  Long definition: government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role.  Examples of oligarchic governments  Theocracy

5. Democratic/Democracy  Rule of ALL  Long definition: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.  Examples of democratic governments  Parliamentary democracy  Presidential democracy  Republic

6. How do governments distribute power?  Unitary  Confederation  Federal

7. Unitary  Central government has all the power  Long definition: characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority (dictatorship or absolute monarchy).

8. Unitary  Examples of unitary governments  China  United Kingdom

9. Confederation  States control a weak central government  Long definition: voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation

10. Confederation  Examples of confederation  OPEC  United Arab Emirates

11. Federal  Power is SHARED between central government and states  Long definition: characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities.

12. Federal  Examples of federal governments  United States  Australia  Germany

13. KENYA  Republic  Democratic  Federal

14. KENYA-Form of Leadership  Chief of state: President  Head of state: Prime Minister

15. KENYA-Type of Legislature  Unicameral national assembly called the Bunge.  Members elected to five year terms

16. KENYA-Role of Citizen – Voting Rights  Universal suffrage at 18 years of age  Citizens vote for president and other representatives

17. KENYA-Personal Freedoms of the citizen  Citizens can criticize the government or its leaders in limited amounts

18. SOUTH AFRICA  Republic  Democratic  Federal

19. SOUTH AFRICA-Form of Leadership  Chief of state & head of state is the President  President is elected by the national assembly

20. SOUTH AFRICA-Type of Legislature  Bicameral Parliament: National Assembly & National Council of Provinces  Members elected to five year terms

21. SOUTH AFRICA-Role of Citizen – Voting Rights  Universal suffrage at 18 years of age  Citizens vote for representatives in parliament

22. SOUTH AFRICA-Personal Freedoms of the citizen  Freedom of speech and the media – citizens are allowed to criticize the govt.

23. SUDAN  Dictatorship  Autocratic  Unitary

24. SUDAN-Form of Leadership  Chief of state & head of state is the President

25. SUDAN-Type of Legislature  Power-sharing government between NCP and SPLM

26. SUDAN-Role of Citizen – Voting Rights  Under the 2005 peace agreement, elections are to be held in 2009  Universal suffrage at 17 years of age  Last vote was believed to be rigged.

27. SUDAN-Personal Freedoms of the citizen  Citizens cannot criticize the government or its leaders  No freedom of speech or press  Limited personal freedoms

28. Legacy of colonialism  Colonial states lacked capacity to meet the social and economic needs of its citizens  No political foundation for democracy  Ethnic conflict made unity of nation difficult

29. Political problems faced by new independent African countries  Sovereignty(right to rule self) and security-after colonial rule ended countries faced probability they would fall apart  National unity-citizens needed to develop a stronger loyalty and identity as a nation, rather than loyal to ethnic group  Basic human services-Legitimacy of the government depended on their ability to provide infrastructure, hospital, and schools.

30. Types of African governments-1960-1990  Most had a constitution  Modeled government on their colonial power  Governments did not resemble colonial power government 20 years later

31. Why?  Government lacked capacity to provide needed social services  Tension between old colonial system and new constitutional system  Economic difficulties  Ethnic tensions

32. What happened ?  Most governments started out with multi-party systems  By 1970 half had military governments  Numerous coup d’etats  Some violent  Some peaceful

33. Why Military government?  Military leaders felt they could do a better job  Citizens thought, and military leaders promised they would provide basic social and economic needs  Military claimed right to intervene in ethnic conflicts  Government leaders had become corrupt and military felt justified in taking power

34. Still problems persist  Military regimes not democratic  Military governments no more successful than previous governments  Between 1960 and 1985-131 attempted coups, 60 were successful  Only 6 of 54 countries have not had an attempted or successful coup

35. One party countries-1960- 1990  More than half countries had military rule  Botswana had multi-party system  Others were one party systems

36. Why one party system?  Tradition-traditional African kingdoms were not multi- party  Direct democracy-one party was better to listen to will of people  National Unity-single party could heal divisions between ethnic groups  Development orientation-energies spent on countries needs rather than elections

37. Why democracy now?  In 1980’s-5 African countries had competitive elections  1990’s-40 African countries had free and fair multiparty elections

38. Why democracy now?  Demand for human rights and participation  Civil society –public organizations pressured government to be more responsive to citizens  International factors-democracy in Eastern Europe  End of the cold war