1. Lecture 1 ANGLO-SAXON COUNTRIES: AN INTRODUCTION 01/03/20160

2. The most spoken languages in the world o0 0o 0oo 0o oo0 0 01/03/20161

3. English is now the third most spoken language in the world (2008) 01/03/20162

4. English « English is far more world wide in its distribution than all other spoken languages. It is an official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories. In addition, 1/4 to 1/3 of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree. It has become the most useful language to learn for international travel and is now the de facto language of diplomacy. In 2001, the 189 member countries in the United Nations were asked what language they wish to use for communication with embassies from other countries. More than 120 chose English, 40 selected French, and 20 wanted to use Spanish. Those who wanted English to be the common language included all of the former Soviet republics, Viet Nam, and most of the Arab world. English is also the dominant language in electronic communication, particularly on the Internet. However, the percentage of Internet users who are not native English speakers is increasing rapidly, especially in Asia. In fact, China estimated in 2008 that there are now more people who have online access in their country than in the U.S., which had been the global leader in Internet access.In reality, the distribution of languages globally is very complex and difficult to easily describe. Numerous migrations of people over the last several centuries have resulted in most large nations now having many different languages. There are at least 165 languages spoken in the United States today. Consequently, it is somewhat misleading to describe the U.S. as being an English speaking country. The same caution applies to other multicultural nations as well » http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_1.htm 01/03/20163

5. List of English speaking countries Antigua & Barbuda Australia* Bahamas (the) * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belize * Bermuda Botswana* Brunei* Cameroon* Canada * Cayman Islands Dominica * Fiji * Gambia,The Ghana * Gibraltar India * Ireland Jamaica * Kenya * Lesotho * Liberia Malawi Malta * Mauritius New Zealand * Nigeria * Pakistan Papua New Guinea * Philippines Seychelles * Sierra Leone SouthAfrica * Sri Lanka * Swaziland * Tanzania * Trinidad and Tobago * Uganda * United Kingdom * United States Zambia * Zimbabwe * Commonwealth countries 01/03/20164

6. I. THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS 53 countries spread on the 6 continents and five oceans http://www.thecommonwealth.org/ 01/03/20165

7. The « old Commonwealth » / The British Commonwealth 0o oo0o0o 0oo o0o 00oo ? How many other members? How can we describe them? Percentage of the world population? 01/03/20166

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10. 32 of the 53 Commonwealth States are "small states" and 25 are small island states The population of the Commonwealth represents almost 30% of the world’s population (= 2 billion people out of 6,7 billion) Half of the Commonwealth population is under 18 01/03/20169

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12. The end of the British Empire "There go my footholds.. », In March 1956, the cartoonist Behrendt gives his view of the decline of the former British colonial empire. 01/03/201611

13. Caption: "One shotgun wedding is enough, but two at once" The British cartoonist, Michael Cummings, portrays the dilemma facing the United Kingdom: remain faithful to the Commonwealth or join the European Economic Community. (BLIESENER, Erich. Europische Integration als Thema der Karikatur. Heidelberg: Moos, 1962, p. 90.) 01/03/201612

14. The Commonwealth: history and definitions The Commonwealth of Nations, (formerly British Commonwealth of Nations, 1931–49) is a voluntary or "free" association of 53 independent ("sovereign ") states comprising the United Kingdom and a number of its former dependencies who have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and practical cooperation in the common interests of their peoples and in the promotion of international understanding and world peace. The members of the Commonwealth are all former territories of the British empire, except Mozambique. They therefore share a common history, language and culture. 01/03/201613

15. Members of the Commonwealth and date of Commonwealth membership 1931United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (left in 1961; rejoined 1994) 1947India, Pakistan (left in 1972; rejoined 1989) 1948 Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 1957 Ghana, Malaysia (formerly Malaya) 1960 Nigeria 1961Cyprus, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika 1962Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Jamaica 1963 Kenya, Zanzibar 1964 Malawi, Malta, Zambia, Tanzania (union of Tanganyika with Zanzibar) 1965 The Gambia, Singapore 1966 Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados 1968 Mauritius, Swaziland, Nauru (joined as special member; full member since 1999) 1970 Tonga, Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) 1971 Fiji (left in 1987; rejoined 1997) 1972 Bangladesh 1973 The Bahamas 1974 Grenada 1975 Papua New Guinea 1976 Seychelles 1978 Solomon Islands, Dominica, Tuvalu (joined as special member; full member since 2000) 1979 Kiribati, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (joined as special member; full member since 1985) 1980 Vanuatu 1981 Belize, Antigua and Barbuda 1982 Maldives (joined as special member; full member since 1985) 1983 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1984 Brunei 1990Namibia 1995Cameroon, Mozambique 01/03/201614

16. The Commonwealth: organization The members of the Commonwealth acknowledge the British monarch as symbolic head of their association although Queen Elizabeth II has no political power. A few members (16 Commonwealth Realms) recognize her as their head of State. The Commonwealth differs from other international bodies in that it has no formal constitution or bylaws. The members have no legal or formal obligation to one another: they are held together by shared history, traditions, similar institutions as well as by economic self-interest. Commonwealth action is based upon consultation between members and the UK has the same voice as the other countries. The Commonwealth Secretariat, established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries. The Headquarters of the Commonwealth, Malborough House, London 01/03/201615

17. The Commonwealth: purpose The association does not have a written constitution, but it does have a series of agreements setting out its beliefs and objectives. These Declarations or Statements were issued at various Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. The first fundamental statement of core beliefs is the 'Declaration of Commonwealth Principles' which was issued at the 1971 summit in Singapore and reaffirmed in the Harare Declaration of 1991. A belief in: - the fact that "international peace and order are essential to the security and prosperity of mankind"; - rule of law and human rights: equal rights regardless of race, colour, creed or political belief, colonial domination (1971), gender (1991), reducing inequalities in wealth. >> "To this end our aim is to achieve the freest possible flow of international trade on terms fair and equitable to all, taking into account the special requirements of the developing countries." MISSION STATEMENT, Commonwealth Secretary, 2008 "We work as a trusted partner for all Commonwealth people as a force: - for peace, democracy, equality, and good governance; - a catalyst for global consensus building; - and a source of assistance for sustainable economic and social development and poverty eradication." 01/03/201616

18. II. THE ANGLOSPHERE Population in million (2011 estimate - Censuses) Australia22South Africa 4,5 (49 total pop) Canada34United Kingdom 63 Ireland 4,7United States313 New Zealand 4,3 Puerto Rico 4 01/03/201617

19. The Anglosphere: definition The concept refers to a group of English-speaking nations sharing characteristics rooted in or attributed to the historical experience of the British people: - political and judiciary British-inspired democratic political institutions (legislative houses, regular elections, strong executive branch, respect for the rule of law) / common law legal system (trial by judge and/or jury, etc) - ideological and economical: liberalism, capitalism, free market economies - cultural: common artistic references (writers, philosophers, artists, complementing the native cultural corpus (celtic and aboriginal cultures, Hollywood…) BUT THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS … 01/03/201618

20. The Anglosphere: exceptions…. Political: T he United States, South Africa, and Ireland have republican systems of government while the others are ruled by constitutional monarchies. Legal: - Quebec and Louisiana do not use Common Law - Scotland and South Africa use hybrid legal systems etc. ->> The concept of the anglosphere is therefore a useful tool to understand common points and strengths, but should not lead to oversimplifications, hence the importance of studying regional and national units separately 01/03/201619

21. Cooperation and alliances The anglosphere counts various networks: - military alliances and intelligence arrangements (the UKUSA Community runs Echelon) Especially between the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand - some free trade areas 01/03/201620

22. The UKUSA Community - alliance of English-speaking nations led by the US & UK to gather intelligence via signals intelligence (Echelon network) - Constituent agencies:. Australia (Defense Signals Directorate, DSD). Canada (Communications Security Establishment, CSE). New Zealand (Government Communications Security Bureau, GCSB). United Kingdom (Government Communications Headquarters, GCHQ). United States (National Security Agency, NSA) 01/03/201621

23. Differences with other English-speaking international groups - military power - economic prosperity - traditional and established civil rights and personal freedoms - high global cultural influence FREE ALLIES OFTEN ALLIES: military allies in major world conflicts in the 20th century (WWI, WWII, Cold War) the US, the UK, and Australia co- operated in the 2003 invasion of Iraq / other NATO allies of the US did not BUT SOMETIMES DIVIDED 1950s, 1960s: divided during the Suez crisis and the Vietnam War 1980s: New Zealand declared a nuclear-free zone around the country 01/03/201622

24. An anglospheric model ? A 6-country model: the USA, Canada, the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand With 3 regions: – North America: United States of America + Canada – Europe: United Kingdom + Ireland – Australasia: Australia + New Zealand 3 "core" nation states dominating: – 3 smaller "satellite" states – 3 entire cultural region » The 3 satellite states have developed foreign policies that place a greater emphasis on multilateral rather than unilateral institutions – Ireland: first a neutral nation, then a member of the EU – 2003 invasion of Iraq: refusal of Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand to involve themselves 01/03/201623

25. James C. Bennett, THE ANGLOSPHERE CHALLENGE (2004) 01/03/201624

26. OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS involved in economy and trade ? 01/03/201625

27. The World Trade Organization (WTO) GATT 1947 -> WTO 1995, OMC in French 01/03/201626

28. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1961) OECD member states (2008) Original members are in dark blue 01/03/201627

29. G 8 (G 6 1973, G7 1976) Dark green: countries which belong to the G 8 (Group of Eight). Blue : countries which do not but are represented by the EU Yellow: O 5 (Outreach five) countries 01/03/201628

30. The G 20 of industrial nations The G20 of industrial nations is an economic forum of 20 countries, formed in 1999 (G8 + Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey + current European Union presiding country) 01/03/201629

31. G 20 The G-20 was established to bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy. It is an informal forum that promotes open and constructive discussion between industrial and emerging-market countries on key issues related to global economic stability. By contributing to the strengthening of the international financial architecture and providing opportunities for dialogue on national policies, international co-operation, and international financial institutions, the G-20 helps to support growth and development across the globe. The G-20 was created as a response both to the financial crises of the late 1990s and to a growing recognition that key emerging-market countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. The members of the G-20 are the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries +the European Union, represented by the rotating Council presidency and the European Central Bank. To ensure quality, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of the World Bank, plus the chairs of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and Development Committee of the IMF and World Bank, also participate in G-20 meetings 01/03/201630

32. Another G 20 ? G 20 is also a trade negotiations bloc of 20 developing nations 01/03/201631

33. NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) The NAFTA Secretariat, comprised of a Canadian Section, a Mexican Section and a United States Section, is responsible for the administration of the dispute settlement provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 01/03/201632

34. The APEC 21 countries representing approximately (2007): - 49% of world trade - 55% of world GDP - 49% of world trade 01/03/201633

35. III. ANGLO-SAXON COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY Source: CIA World Factbook 2008 – 2008 estimates 01/03/201634

36. ECONOMIC WEIGHT COUNTRY COMPARISON : GDP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY) « This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States in the year noted. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries. The measure is difficult to compute, as a US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the country regardless of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the United States (for example, the value of an ox-cart or non-US military equipment); as a result, PPP estimates for some countries are based on a small and sometimes different set of goods and services. In addition, many countries do not formally participate in the World Bank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the resulting GDP estimates for these countries may lack precision. For many developing countries, PPP-based GDP measures are multiples of the official exchange rate (OER) measure. The differences between the OER- and PPP-denominated GDP values for most of the wealthy industrialized countries are generally much smaller. » 01/03/201635

37. Economic weight Source: CIA World Factbook 2008 – 2007 estimates Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 01/03/201636

38. source: CIA Factbook 2009, 2008 estimate 01/03/201637

39. source: CIA Factbook 2011, 2010 estimates and 2010, 2009 estimate https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html 01/03/201638

40. source: CIA Factbook 2012, 2011 estimates 01/03/201639

41. The anglo-saxon model of capitalism 1.The philosophical origins 2.Free trade & competition 3.Investment 4.Flexible labour markets 5.Social costs and the question of the minimum wage 6.Welfare 7.Regulation 8.A non-interventionist State 01/03/201640