1. Announcements First exam is three weeks from today (February 18). Will cover chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5. Sample questions have been posted. Format will be 15 MC’s (3 points each) and 3 essays (18 points each) from a list of 5 Dark Sky Observing Night Tuesday night. Set-up starts 45 minutes before the start time so meet here at 6:45pm. Cancellation notice, if needed, will be posted on APSU Astronomy website by 5:00 that day. Start Chapter 4 for next time. Think of some discussion questions to bring to class

2. Islamic Astronomy

3. Much of the “science” went on in the “House of Wisdom” Established in Bagdad in the late 8 th Century as a center for translations. Eventually becomes the Islamic equivalent of the Library of Alexandria

4. The Islamic Calendar is a lunar calendar Months are 29 or 30 days. The year is 354 days long.

5. Each month would only begin with the sighting of the Waxing Crescent Moon

6. Eventually, calculations are made to assist in the observations Early calculations resulted in tables of “visibility” for each latitude and some longitudes

7. Prayer Times required means of telling the time Early on “folklore” astronomy was used. Some used sand clocks or hour glass “clocks” to determine the times. Eventually, muwaqqit’s, official time keepers are appointed for each mosque.

8. al-Khwarizmi was the first to produce prayer time tables His tables were for Bagdad but modern prayer tables can be found for any location on Earth

9. Also important was the direction to Mecca Not only should you pray towards Mecca, mosques and other structures should be aligned to Mecca

10. The Qibla Compass allows you to find the direction to Mecca

11. Mecca-Centered world maps were generated as an aid

12. Islamic Observatories tended to not survive very long Taqi al-Din at his observatory in Istambul The Maragha Observatory in Iran

13. The Observatory of Ulugh Beg was the most elaborate The quadrant was over 130 feet long and still survives today The chief observer was Ulugh Beg, the governor and then Sultan of Timur (current day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan

14. After Ulugh’s Death,most of the observatory was destroyed

15. The Islamic astronomers especially didn’t like Ptolemy’s equant The solution: add epicycles to the epicycle

16. The Astrolabe The astrolabe is a combination planisphere and time keeper. It allows you to determine the time given your location and the visible stars. It can also compute the position of the Sun or Moon

17. The Astrolabe in pieces Check out the Astrolabe website

18. An Islamic astrolabe with calendar

19. Islamic Astronomy began to fall behind after the invention of the telescope