1. Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby

2. Learning Outcomes Three periods of prenatal development and milestones
Define teratogens and understand influence
Impact of maternal factors on prenatal development
Discuss medical complications
Identify Common medical interventions during childbirth
Describe use of APGAR
Describe newborn baby’s reflexes
Describe ways to sooth a crying baby
Describe changes in a family after the birth

3. Periods of Prenatal Development
Period and Length
Key Events
Zygote (2 weeks)
Fertilization
Implantation
Start of placenta
Embryo (6 weeks)
Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs
Fetus (30 weeks)
“Growth and finishing” phase

4. Conception and Implantation
Figure 3.1 Female reproductive organs, showing fertilization, early cell duplication, and implantation.
Figure 3.1
(From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

5. Ovulation Video

6. Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development
Figure 3.2 Sensitive periods in prenatal development
Figure 3.2
(Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.)

7. Teratogens Harm done by teratogens is affected by: dose heredity age
other negative influences
Websites 7

8. What period is the most sensitive?
Zygote Period
Embryotic Period
Fetal Period

9. Teratogenic Substances
Drugs:
prescription
nonprescription
illegal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Environmental pollution
Infectious disease
© Minerva Studio/Fotolia

10. Jigsaw Activity
Index cards with substance will be passed out to assign you into a random group
You will look up the drug impact in book, research from reliable sources on site (e.g., educational institutions). Cite when using outside of book
How prevalent is it?
How does it harm fetus?
Can you find the category level?
What is the impact after birth?

11. Other Maternal Factors in
Prenatal Development
Nutrition
Emotional stress
Rh factor incompatibility (p.73)
Age
Lack of prenatal health care
© Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock

13. Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations
Figure 3.5 Infant mortality in thirty nations
Figure 3.5
(Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.)

14. Importance of Prenatal Care
Monitor general health:
weight gain
capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus
growth of the fetus
Treat complications:
diabetes
preeclampsia
© Poznyakov/Shutterstock

15. Eclampsia/toxemia
(ek-lamp'sē-ă), Occurrence of one or more convulsions, not attributable to other cerebral conditions such as epilepsy or cerebral hemorrhage, in a patient with preeclampsia.
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012
eclampsia
/eclamp·sia/ (ĕ-klamp´se-ah) convulsions and coma, rarely coma alone, occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, and associated with hypertension, edema, and/or proteinuria.eclamp´tic

16. Stages of Childbirth Dilation and effacement of the cervix
Delivery of the baby
Delivery of the placenta
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

17. Stages of Labor
Figure 3.4 A Normal Birth
Figure 3.4

20. The Apgar Scale Table 3.2 (Source: Apgar, 1953.)
Table 3.2 The Apgar Scale

21. Apgar Challenge
clusters/health-science/nur402/apgar-scoring- challenge

22. Birth Complications (pg 77-78)
Anoxia (oxygen deprivation)
(an-ok'sē-ă), Avoid the careless substitution of this word for hypoxia or hypoxemia.Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues. [G. an- priv. + oxygen]
Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012

23. Breech Birth

24. Medical Interventions in Childbirth
Fetal monitoring
Labor and delivery medication
analgesics
anesthetics
Cesarean delivery
© ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock

25. Reflection – page 78
Describe the features and benefits of natural childbirth.
How might use of epidural analgesia negatively affect the parent-newborns relationship? What other considerations should be considered?
If you were an expectant parent, would you choose home birth? Why or Why Not?

26. Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants
Born several weeks or more before their due date
Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy
Small-for-Date
May be either preterm or full-term
Below expected weight for length of pregnancy
Which one is more at risk during the first year?

27. Interventions for Preterm Infants
Temperature-controlled isolette
Special stimulation:
gentle rocking
visual or auditory stimulation
touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care
Parent training in infant caregiving
What is kangroo care?
Is it effective?
© Damon Yancy/Shutterstock

28. Flex Video
/simulation/newborn/index.html

30. Infant States of Arousal
Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet alertness
Waking activity and crying
© Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock

31. Soothing a Crying Baby Hold on shoulder, rock or walk Swaddle
Offer pacifier
Massage baby’s body
Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds
Combine methods
How to sooth a crying baby video
© Jo Tunney/Shutterstock

32. Newborn Sense of Vision
Least developed sense at birth
Limited visual acuity
Actively explore environment:
scan for interesting sights
track moving objects
Not yet good at discriminating colors
© Saylakham/Shutterstock

33. New Family Adjustment Hormones that facilitate caregiving:
oxytocin
prolactin
estrogens
Hormonal effects may depend on experience
Challenges of early weeks:
new roles
changed schedule
© ClickPop/Shutterstock

34. Learning Outcomes Three periods of prenatal development and milestones
Define teratogens and understand influence
Impact of maternal factors on prenatal development
Discuss medical complications
Identify Common medical interventions during childbirth
Describe use of APGAR
Describe newborn baby’s reflexes
Describe ways to sooth a crying baby
Describe changes in a family after the birth