1. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 DHS V1.2 2011 VBP035 Perform Microbiological Procedures in the Food Industry

2. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 L 4b Fungi

3. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 2. Classification - Chytridiomycota - Zygomycota - Ascomycota - Basidiomycota Single celled members of these groups are all called “yeasts”. They are distinguished from protists based on a chitinous cell wall and absorptive (rather than phagocytic) nutrition.

4. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”

5. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae” - The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)

6. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 3. General Biology - The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae” - The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between) - These have a huge surface area/volume ratio for absorption. - The largest organisms known… 37 acres.

7. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungal reproduction  Asexually, by forming conidia  Sexually (three steps): Plasmogami (dikaryon) Karyogami (zygote forms) Meiosis (sexual spore forms): Zygospore Zygospore Ascospore Ascospore Basidiospore Basidiospore

8. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

9. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.

10. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics

11. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.

12. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose. - lichens – symbiote with alga

13. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi 4. Ecological Roles - decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest. * antibiotics - mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose. - lichens – symbiote with alga - pathogens – Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections - parasites – entomophagous fungi

14. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungi are important in nature  As decomposers  As pathogens of plants, animals and humans, and in food spoilage  As producers of secondary metabolites, e. g. penicillin  In cheese, bread and wine making

15. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

16. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fly agaric (flugsvamp)

17. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ergot of rye Caused by Claviceps purpurea. Cause of ergotism: “Holy Fire” or “St. Anthony’s Fire”. Sclerotia are dangerous. Witch hunts. Caused low fertility and death in 14th- 18th century Europe.

18. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Other toxins made by fungi Endophytic fungi (Acremonium) in grasses can be toxic to cattle (fescue toxicosis) Other mycotoxins: Ochratoxins Aflatoxins - carcinogenic Fumonosins - blind stagger of horses Patulin - bleeding in lungs and brain, kidney damage, cancer

19. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Medicines that come from fungi Penicillin. Penicillium chrysogenum. Alexander Fleming, 1928. Cephalosporin Cyclosporin

20. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Fungal diseases of humans - mycoses Trichophyton rubrum. Causal agent of athlete’s foot. Came from tropics. Candida albicans. Causes candidiasis = yeast infections. Around genitalia. Disease of mouth and throat. Blastomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis are other diseases.

21. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Smut infection of a wheat field in Eastern Washington (1956)

22. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ustilago maydis - the corn smut fungus

23. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Ustilago maydis is a popular food delicacy in Mexico

24. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

25. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Examples of symptoms caused by fungi:  Cankers  Storage rots of fruits and vegetables  Rust, mildews  Leaf spots

26. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Pathogen life styles Necrotrophs - kill host cells with toxins and hydrolytic enzymes. Ex: Botrytis cinerea. Biotrophs - specialize on a living host. Ex. Powdery mildews and rusts. Hemibiotrophs - start out biotrophic. Then, they kill the host cells. Ex. Phytophthora infestans.

27. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Four phyla of fungi oChytridiomycota - no sexual spore oZygomycota - zygospore oAscomycota - ascospore oBasidiomycota - basidiospore

28. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Characteristics of fungi Fungi have hyphae. A mass of hyphae is a mycelium. The hyphae may be septate or aseptate. Specialized hyphae, haustoria are feeding structures.

29. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

30. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi B. Zygomycetes - coenocytic hypha - asexual reproduction haploid hypha produces sporangia and releases spores.

31. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi B. Zygomycetes - sexual reproduction – hypha touch, and produce gametangia. Gametes produced inside – fusion into dikaryotic cells (2 nuclei). Each dikaryon then becomes diploid (fusion of nuclei and undergoes meiosis. Spores are released. - many are imporant mycorrhyzal symbionts.

32. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Gametangia fuse to produce a zygospore (Rhizopus stolonifer)

33. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 ZygomycotaZygomycota

34. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - septate hypha

35. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - septate hypha - characterized by production of spore-bearing “asci” - baker’s yeast (levening and fermentation) - molds – pathogens of plants such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neurospora, Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm disease, etc.

36. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi C. Ascomycetes - life cycle

37. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies

38. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies - haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae. - these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure.

39. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 IV. Fungi D. Basidiomycetes - bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies - haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae. - these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure. - at the tip of each hyphae, the basidium forms, in which meiosis occurs to produce new haploid spores.

40. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 - life cycle

41. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 AscomycotaAscomycota

42. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045

43. CRICOS Provider Code: 01505M RTO Number: 3045 Penicillium and Aspergillus