1. Fungi 1 Lecture 23 Summer, 2004 Demosthenes Pappagianis, M.D., Ph.D.
MMI 480B

2. The scope of medically important fungi

3. Possible outcomes in interaction between infectious agent and the host
Infection
subclinical (inapparent) healed
latent reactivation healed
illness healed
death
clincally apparent
acute recovery healed
relapse
fulminating death
recovery
chronic death
persistent
recovery healed
relapse healed
death

4. Mold colony – Microsporum canis

5. Mold hyphae and conidia

6. Yeast colony- Candida albicans

7. Budding yeast Cryptococcus neoformans

8. Dimorphism in Mucor species

9. Fungal Cell (Eukaryotic)
Capsulè (CHO)
Mitochondrion
Wall
,  glucan
mannan
chitin
protein
Golgi-like
ductyosome
Glycogen
Microbody
catalase
Vacuole
Lomasome
Microtubules
Nucleus
pore
nucleolus
envelope
Cytoplasmic membrane
eroosterol
Ribosomes (80S)
Endoplasmic reticulum

10. Properties of Infectious Agents
(From Dr. Beaman’s Lecture 1)
Virus Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
1. Relative size (diameter)
2. Nucleic acid
3. Nuclear membrane
4. Chromosomes/cell
5. Histone bound DNA
6. Mitotic division
7. Protein
8. Enzymes
9. Ability to produce energy
10. Cytoplasmic ribosomes
<0.2μM
either RNA or DNA -
one +
- (some exceptions) μm
RNA + DNA
(70S)
> 2.0 μm
more than one
(80S)
11. Organellar ribosomes
12. Mitochondria
13. Chloroplasts
14. Structured outer coat (not membrane)
15. Cytoplasmic membrane
16. Free living
17. Endoplasmic reticulum
18. Golgi apparatus
19. Membrane bound structured cilia or flagella
20. Simple flagella (not membrane bound) - 
-/+
(cell wall) +/-
+ (most)
Plants
(cell wall) fungi & plants
+ (if present)
21. Cytoplasmic streaming
22. Ameboid movement
23. Phagocytosis & pinocytosis
24. Storage inclusion bodies
25. Microtubules
26. Mesosomes (intracytoplasmic membranes)
27. Lipids
28. Polysaccharides
29. Non-unit membrane gas vacuoles
30. Unit membrane-bound vacuole
31. Centriole
- (some exceptions)
+/-

11. KOH mount of skin with hyphae

12. Calcofluor stain - P. brasiliensis

13. Adrenal Gland - Histoplasmosis
H & E stain
Methenamine silver

14. Fungi - vegetative growth
Yeast
Mold

15. Asexual “Spores”

16. Anti-fungal Agents

18. Life Cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer - zygomycete

19. Basidiomycete

20. Ascomycete

21. The scope of medically important fungi

22. Various Exposures and Influences of Mycotoxins
Anaissie, et al

23. Aspergilllus flavus Colony

24. Aflatoxins

25. Edible mushrooms

26. Toxic mushrooms

27. a-amanitin

28. Ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
Rye Wheat

29. Ergot Alkaloids
Amine Alkaloids
Peptide Alkaloids

30. Mycotoxins and Their Biological Effects
Organism
Aflatoxins
Hepatocarcinogen
A. parasiticus, A. flavus
Trichothecenes (T-2, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, satratoxins, DAS*)
Dermal toxicity; impairment of immune system; inhibit protein synthesis, teratogen*
Fusarium, Acremonium, Stachyobotris, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Verticimonosporium
Anthraquinones (luteoskyrin, rugulosin, iridoskyrin, emodin)
Hepatotoxic, hepatocarcinogen or mutagen
Penicillium, Aspergillus
Citreoviridin
Neurotoxin; inhibits mitochondrial ATPase activity, reduces glycogen synthetase activity
Penicillium
Naphtoquinones (xanthomeganin, viomellein)
Hepatotoxic
Trychophyton, Penicillium viridicatum
Ochratoxins
Inhibit phe-tRNA synthase
Aspergillus, Penicillium
Zearalenone (F-2)
Estrogenic, teratogenic
Fusarium graminearum
Chloropeptide (islandi-toxin)
Hepatotoxin, decreases hepatic glycogen synthase activity
Penicillium islandicum
*DAS = diacetoxy-12, 13-epoxytrichotece-9-ene