1. Social change It is a change in social relations or change in the accepted social customs or change in social structure and social institutions etc and for this change so many factors such as geographical, economic, cultural, psychological, educational and natural etc are responsible.

2. Nature of social change Social change is a continuous process Social change is a continuous process Social change is a universal phenomenon Social change is a universal phenomenon Social change is an essential law Social change is an essential law Spee of social change is not uniform Spee of social change is not uniform Social change is a community change Social change is a community change Social change can not be predicted Social change can not be predicted Social change is a result of many factors Social change is a result of many factors Social change is not necessary a progress Social change is not necessary a progress Social change can be the result of conscious and unconscious efforts Social change can be the result of conscious and unconscious efforts Nature of Social change is different in different societies Nature of Social change is different in different societies

3. Scope of social change Change in social values Change in social values Change in social relationship Change in social relationship Change in social institutions Change in social institutions Social change implies economic change also Social change implies economic change also Social change implies political change also Social change implies political change also Social change implies change in accepted modes of life Social change implies change in accepted modes of life Social change include change in man Social change include change in man

4. Modes of Social change Through evolution Through evolution Through progress Through progress Through revolution Through revolution Through social reformatory movement Through social reformatory movement Through the spread of education Through the spread of education Through laws Through laws Through radio, television and newspapers etc Through radio, television and newspapers etc

5. Factors of social change Biological factor Biological factor Natural factor Natural factor Geographical factor Geographical factor Population factor Population factor Psychological factor Psychological factor Cultural factor Cultural factor Economic factor Economic factor Technological factor Technological factor Ideological factor Ideological factor

6. Hindrance in the way of Social change Traditionalism Traditionalism Religious fundamentalism Religious fundamentalism Ignorance Ignorance Caste system Caste system Indolence Indolence Vested interests Vested interests Desire of stability Desire of stability High cost High cost

7. Theories of social change Theory of deterioration Theory of deterioration Evolutionary Evolutionary Cyclic theory Cyclic theory Theory of systematic efforts or talic theory Theory of systematic efforts or talic theory Structural functional theory Structural functional theory Arxian theory of economic determinism Arxian theory of economic determinism

9. References Aggarwal R.C., Principles of Political Science, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1976. Aggarwal R.C., Principles of Political Science, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1976. Badyal, J.S, Political Theory, Raj Publishers, 2012, Jalander. Badyal, J.S, Political Theory, Raj Publishers, 2012, Jalander. Garner James Wildford, Political Science and Government, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1951. Garner James Wildford, Political Science and Government, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1951. Gauba O.P, An Introduction to Political Theory, Macmillan Publisher, Delhi, 2009. Gauba O.P, An Introduction to Political Theory, Macmillan Publisher, Delhi, 2009. Heywood Andrew, Political Theory An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005. Heywood Andrew, Political Theory An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005.

10. Misra K.K & Iyengar Kalpana. M, Modern Political Theory, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1988. Misra K.K & Iyengar Kalpana. M, Modern Political Theory, S.Chand Company, New Delhi, 1988. Ray Amal, Political Theory Idess and Institutions, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1988 Ray Amal, Political Theory Idess and Institutions, The World Press Priviate LTD. Calcutta, 1988 Johari J.C, Principles of Modern Political Science, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1989. Johari J.C, Principles of Modern Political Science, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1989.

11. By By Dr. AMANDIP KAUR Dr. AMANDIP KAUR DEPTT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, DEPTT. OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, PGGCG, SEC. 11, CHANDIGARH PGGCG, SEC. 11, CHANDIGARH