2.  Motivational Concepts Motivational Concepts  Hunger Hunger  Sexual Motivation Sexual Motivation  The Need to Belong The Need to Belong

3.  Motivation Motivation  Theories  Instinct  Drive-reduction  Arousal  Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs  Incentive

5.  Instinct (fixed pattern) Instinct  Instincts in animals  Instincts in humans

6.  Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

7.  Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

8.  Drive-reduction theory Drive-reduction theory  Homeostasis Homeostasis  Need  Drive  Drive reduction

9.  Incentive Incentive  Positive and negative

10.  Arousal  Optimum level of arousal

11.  Maslow’s hierarchy of needshierarchy of needs  Variations in the hierarchy

12. A HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES

20.  Contractions of the stomach  Washburn study

21.  Glucose Glucose  Insulin  Hypothalamus  Lateral hypothalamus ▪ orexin  Vetromedial hypothalamus

22.  Appetite hormones  Ghrelin  Obestatin  PYY  Leptin  Set point Set point  Basal metabolic rate Basal metabolic rate

23.  Taste preferences  Genetic: sweet and salty  Neophobia – fear/dislike of unfamiliar  Adaptive taste preferences (spicy)  Ecology of eating ▪ Unit size ▪ Social faciliatation

24.  Eating disorders  Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa  Bulimia nervosa Bulimia nervosa  Binge-eating disorder Binge-eating disorder

25.  Sexual abuse – NOT a telltale sign  Family history  Competitive, highly-driven, protective families  Genetics  Culture/gender  Unrealistic ideal body image  Prevention – body acceptance and realization of unrealistic Photoshopping

28. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR OUR HUNGER MOTIVATION

32.  Historical explanations for obesity  Obesity  Definition  Statistics  Obesity and life expectancy

33. OBESITY

36.  Social effects of obesity  Weight discrimination  Psychological effects of obesity

37. WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION

39.  Fat Cells

40.  Set point and metabolism

41.  The genetic factor  The food and activity factor  Sleep loss  Social influence  Food consumption and activity level

42.  Realistic and moderate goals  Success stories  Attitudinal changes

44.  Sexual response cycle Sexual response cycle  Masters & Johnson (1960s)  Excitement phase  Plateau phase  Orgasm  Resolution phase ▪ Refractory period Refractory period

45.  Effects of hormones  Development of sexual characteristics  Activate sexual behavior  Estrogen Estrogen  Testosterone Testosterone

46.  External stimuli  Imagined stimuli  Dreams  Sexual fantasies

47. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL MOTIVATION

51.  Ignorance  Minimal communication about birth control  Guilt related to sexual activity  Alcohol use  Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

52.  Statistics of STIs  Teen abstinence  High intelligence  Religious engagement  Father presence  Participation in service learning programs

53.  Sexual orientation Sexual orientation  Homosexual orientation  Heterosexual orientation  Sexual orientation statistics

54.  Origins of sexual orientation studies  Fraternal birth order effect

55.  The “Kinsey Report”  Myths and Facts

56.  Same-sex attraction in animals  The brain and sexual orientation  Genes and sexual orientation  Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

58.  Aiding survival  Wanting to belong

59.  Sustaining relationships  The pain of ostracism  ostracism