1. P OLITICAL C ARTOON A NALYSIS 1. What groups of people are represented in this cartoon? 2. What point was the artist trying to make?

2. I MMIGRATION AND U RBANIZATION Chapter 7

3. N EW I MMIGRANTS Starting in 1870 the “new” immigrants started moving here unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and lived in the cities Two factors in WHY immigrants moved here: Push Factors— Land reforms in Mexico, China, and Poland pushed farmers off their farms China and Eastern Europe went through many wars Religious persecution (Jews mostly) Pull Factors— U.S. had land and employment (mines, oil fields, harvest produce, factory work) 1862 Homestead Act made lands near railroads cheap and RRs offered discounts for people to get to them Chain immigrants – people following families

4. T HE I MMIGRANT E XPERIENCE When the ships arrived in America their first stop was at a processing station Ellis Island, NY was the processing station on the East coast healthy, had money, a skill, or a sponsor If they did not meet requirements they were sent back or quarantined Angel Island, CA Much harsher than Ellis Island Chinese immigrants were turned away unless they could prove American citizenship or that they had family here

5. E LLIS I SLAND

6. A NGEL I SLAND S CREENING

7. O PPORTUNITIES AND C HALLENGES IN A MERICA Most immigrants moved into the cities Ethnic neighborhoods (ghettos) emerged Nativism, belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers This became much stronger as the economic recession grew Religion became a factor too—many Americans were against non-Protestants The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of those already here, and forbade the naturalization of Chinese residents

8. C ITIES E XPAND AND C HANGE By 1900 15 million people were living in cities urbanization – moving from rural areas to cities By being in the city, you could send your children to school Education would give you access to a better standard of living - Goal was to break the cycle of poverty

9. T ECHNOLOGY I MPROVES C ITY L IFE Living in a city brought the challenge of getting water, having access to sewer, as well as having schools and safety Transportation was revolutionized by electric trolleys and subways Urban sprawl began to be a problem Cities needed to be planned and organized thus zoning was introduced

10. U RBAN L IVING C REATES P ROBLEMS Those who were left in the cities were typically poor They lived in tenements (low cost, multi-family housing) with multiple families in one apartment These apartments had few windows, little sanitation (as in no indoor plumbing), and were generally unhealthy and dangerous Jacob Riis wrote about this issue in How the Other Half Lives Started to draw attention to the problem (Teddy Roosevelt)

11. U RBAN L IVING C REATES P ROBLEMS Unpaved city streets were covered with trash Even dead horses! Alleys were dumping grounds for waste (all types) This led to the quick spread of diseases and epidemics Getting water was difficult in some cities, especially in the Southwest Indoor plumbing would not come around until after 1900 in most cases Crime and fire was also an issue Robberies and murders were common In 1871 Chicago was essentially destroyed by fire (killed ~250 people and left 100K without homes) Gangs became an issue at this point as well