1. Percentage concentration % w/w(weight)----------active ingredient and base have same unit of weight. 1%=1gm of active ingred per 100gm total product. 1% w/w= 1gm/100gm %v/v(volume)-------solute(active drug) and solvent(inactive base) have same unit of volume. 1% v/v=1ml/100ml %w/v(weight/volume)-------solute is in the weight grams and solvent is in volume ml. 1% w/v=1gm/100ml

2. 1.4g of phenol mixed with 9g of glycerin. What is % concentration of phenol in this product? 1.4+ 9g =10.4g part/whole x 100=% 1.4/10.4*100=13% w/w 4g KCL is dissolved in base to make total of 25ml. What is per concentration of final product?4/25*100=16%w/v 10ml glycerin is dissolved in enough water to make 73ml of final solution. Calc % of strength of glycerin. 10/73*100=14% v/v

3. How much KCL is needed to make 240ml of a 10% solution? 10% mix assumes 10mg mixed into 100ml of fluid 10mg/100ml=x mg/240ml X=24mg of kcl 5g is how many mg? 1000mg/1gx 5g/1=5000mg large unit to small unit=LSR=larger to small move right 120mg to g 1000mg/1g x 120mg/x= g x=1000x/120=.120g small to large unit=SLL=small to large move left

4. alligations Using 2 different concentrations of a drug to arrive at final concentration somewhere between the 2 in stock. Dr orders 30g of 15% hydrocortisone cream. Pharmacy has cream in 20% and also 2%. Alligation will combine these to get 30gm, of 15%. See board pg158-------

5. Ratio concentrations Normally this uses epinephrine or potassium permanganate. You must memorize------- 1:1000------1mg/ml 1:100--------10mg/ml 1:10---------100mg/ml Rx is 3mg of epi. Pharm stock is 1:100 solution. How may ml will be given? 10mg/ml= 3mg/xml 10x mg=3mg X=.3ml

6. Rx 2.5ml inj of 1:1000 epi is given. How much drug did pt get? 1:1000=1mg/ml 1mg/ml=x mg/2.5ml X =2.5mg

7. Parenteral calculation Done for IV drips. This has greater risk of immediate pt harm if wrong. Flow rate=vol/time Pt gets 1L of IV sol over 3 hours. What is flow rate? Flow rate=1000ml/3hrs Fr=333ml/hr --- this means 5.55ml/min

8. How many hours will 1L of D5W last when flow rate is 125ml/hr? Time=vol/rate time=1000ml/125ml Time=8hr Vol=time *rate How many ml needed to run IV at 60ml/hr for 12 hours? Vol=12hrs*60mlper hour Vol=720ml

9. Gtt/min=volume to be infused *drip set rate/infusion time in minutes Rx is d5w at 125ml/hr. admin set is 10gtt/ml. How many gtt/min should we use? Gtt/min= 125ml*10gtt/60min Gtt/min=1250/60 Gtt/min=20.8 ~21gtt/min

10. Gtt/min=volume to be infused *drip set rate/infusion time in minutes 300ml of d5w given at rate of 75ml/hr. admin set gives 10gtt/ml.how many gtt/min should we use? Gtt/min=vol infused*drip rate/infusion time(min) Gtt/min= 75ml*10/60 Gtt/min=750/60 Gtt/min=12.5gtt/min ~13ggt/min

11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CujuVNn7ROY alligations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CujuVNn7ROY Drip rate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CujuVNn7ROY Percents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CujuVNn7ROY Powder volume