1. Do you know what this is?

2. DNA Stands for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid It is a long molecule called a polymer Shape: double helix

3. DNA Located: nucleus of eukaryote cell Made up of repeating units of nucleotides

4. DNA has 3 Basic Parts 5-Carbon Sugar called Deoxyribose Phosphorous group Nitrogenous Base A 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base is called a nucleotide

5. A Nucleotide

6. Nitrogenous Bases 4 Types of Nitrogenous Bases They are: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine Nitrogenous bases are “complimentarily paired”

8. Complementary Bases Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)

9. What is the complimentary strand of this sequence? A-T-G-C-A-T-A-C-G-A-T-T-A-G-C T-A-C-G-T-A-T-G-C-T-A-A-T-C-G

10. Double Helix 2 strands twisted around each other Each strand is made up a chain of nucleotides Strands are held together by Hydrogen Bonds between nitrogenous bases

12. Chromosomes: DNA is on Chromosomes in the form of Genes

13. GENES: 1) Small portions of DNA 2) Found on Chromosomes *add* Gene-chromosome theory is that genes are on chromosomes

14. STOP

15. STEP 1: DNA UNZIPS into 2 strands This structure is a Replication Fork DNA Replication

16. Replication Fork- when it opens up

17. Template (STEP 2) An enzyme takes free nucleotides and attaches them to the exposed strands of DNA The Original strand of DNA acts as a template for the new strand of DNA

18. New Strand

19. DNA Unzips Use Old Strands as a template

20. How does DNA Replicate DNA uses enzymes to replicate DNA enzymes “unzip” the two strands The principal enzyme used is DNA Polymerase

21. DNA Polymerase Polymerizes individual nucleotides to produce DNA Also Proofreads It’s an enzyme

22. STEP 3 You end up with 2 strands of DNA

23. STOP

24. DNA codes for Proteins Proteins become enzymes, and are what genes express Protein Synthesis

25. Building blocks: amino acids Their shape determines their function Proteins are polymers of amino acids *Polymers are long chains Proteins Refresher

26. It is a nucleic acid just like DNA It is single stranded, it’s sugar is Ribose, and has 4 Nitrogenous bases. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

28. 4 Nitrogenous Bases Adenine Uracil (NOT THYMINE) Guanine Cytosine

29. DNA: A-T-G-T-T-A-A-A-A-G-C RNA: U-A-C-A-A-U-U-U-U-C-G RNA still follows the complementary base pairing, BUT SUBSTITUTES U FOR T Practice Converting DNA to RNA

30. mRNA (Messenger RNA) rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) tRNA (Transfer RNA) 3 Types of RNA

31. 1. mRNA: Messenger RNA JOB: Carries a copy of DNA from the nucleus to the ribosome

32. JOB: Clamps onto mRNA and uses its information to make amino acids 2. rRNA: Ribosomal RNA

33. Job: transfers amino acids to ribosome 3. tRNA: TRANSFER RNA

34. m in mRNA is for Messenger t in tRNA is for Transfer

35. Ribosome

36. stop

37. 2 stages 1) Transcription 2) Translation Protein Synthesis

38. WAIT, WHAT DOES SYNTHESIS MEAN?

39. 1. WHERE: NUCLEUS 2. WHAT: DNA double helix unzips 3. WHO: mRNA TRANSCRIPTION

40. Transcription 1. mRNA copies the DNA code 2. mRNA leaves the nucleus and brings the code to a ribosome 3. Similar to DNA Replication, but RNA is single stranded and uses U instead of T

41. Ribosome On it’s way to ribosome mRNA leaves

42. EX: mRNA DNA: A-T-G T-C-A mRNA: U-A-C A-G-U RNA-NO THYMINE!

43. Genetic Code EVERY 3 Nucleotides code for 1 Amino Acid EX: U-U-U codes for Phenylalanine Each set of 3 nucleotides in mRNA is called a CODON

44. There are Codons that STOP and START the production of Proteins

45. 1. WHERE: Cytoplasm and ribosomes 2. mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome 3. As each codon of the mRNA moves through the ribosome,the proper amino acid is brought in by tRNA an attached to the mRNA. 2. Translation

46. Translation 1. The anticodon on tRNA matches the codon of mRNA. 2. mRNA continues to move through the ribosome and tRNA continues to add amino acids.

47. What’s an Anticodon? It is the complement of the Codon Remember the codon is 3 nucleotides from mRNA

48. mRNA Codon: U-U-U tRNA ANTI-CODON A-A-A

49. Carries the Anticodon on one end An Amino acid is located on the other end of tRNA tRNA