1. Aim: What were the various social problems that arose during the Industrial Revolution?

2. Enclosure Movement – social problems prior to the IR The law locks up the man or woman Who steals the goose from off the common But leaves the greater villain loose Who steals the common from off the goose. The law demands that we atone When we take things we do not own But leaves the lords and ladies fine Who take things that are yours and mine. The poor and wretched don’t escape If they conspire the law to break; This must be so but they endure Those who conspire to make the law. The law locks up the man or woman Who steals the goose from off the common And geese will still a common lack Till they go and steal it back.

3. Social Issues as a result IR and Urbanization Child Labor Gender imbalance in pay Working conditions Low wages Skilled labor replaced by machines Public Health – polluted water, overcrowding in housing, plumbism, Black Lung Neighborhoods – does crime cause poverty or does poverty cause crime?

4. POPULAR (workers’) Responses 8 Hour Movement – 8 hours work, 8 hours rest, 8 hours recreation Unions – Organizations of representatives of workers who negotiate with management/administration Collective Bargaining – The negotiations between unions and management; for the union, there is “strength in numbers” Strikes – Workers refuse to work until demands are met – Scabs – people who would NOT strike and keep working (or take strikers’ jobs)

5. Luddites – workers who wanted to go back to the “good old days” of farming – blamed the technology of the IR

6. POLICY (government) Responses Sadler Committee investigates GB working conditions – 1832 Factory Act (first labor laws) – 1833 Compulsory School Attendance – 1850s

7. Ideological Responses to the IR Ideology = worldview or perspective

8. Capitalism = economic ideology in which competition drives the market so each individual pursues his own self-interests. The MEANS OF PRODUCTION are owned by PRIVATE COMPANIES.

9. Socialism = economic ideology in which the GOVERNMENT (the people) controls the market to regulate industries to even out competition so it is more EQUITABLE. The MEANS OF PRODUCTION are owned by the government (or a public/private partnership)

10. Communism = EXTREME (radical) socialism – everything is shared EQUALLY by the people.

11. Karl Marx – the THEORY of Communism “The history of all hitherto history is that of class struggle.” –The Communist Manifesto Two major industrial classes: BOURGEOISIE and PROLETARIAT The PROLETARIAT will rebel about the injustice of the industrial society and overthrow the Bourgeoisie so there are NO classes and everyone shares everything equally.