2. Cellular Respiration Campbell Chapter 9 Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm & Dr. Chuck Downing http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

3. ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif In the last chapter green plants used ________________ trap energy from __________ and make ______________ http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

4. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ What kind of organisms do this?

5. Animals (Including humans) ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel fungi bacteria plants

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ___________ + _________ + ___________ → _______________ + __________ _____________ + _________ → ________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION

8. OXIDATION REDUCTION Is Loss of electrons Is Gain of electrons Remove H Add H Releases energy Stores energy Exergonic Endergonic REMEMBER: ______________ Loss of hydrogen atoms Gain of hydrogen atoms Energy http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg

9. CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif See why cells use cellular respiration

10. Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

11. MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________

12. FAD → FADH 2 NAD + → NADH HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS

13. See glycolysis movie The first step in cellular respiration = _______________ Also called _________________________________ happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria occurs _________________________

14. Details of glycolysis Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. 13 1 Glucose PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment) Step 2 3 4 Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Step A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5 5 ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 6 Steps – ATP and pyruvic acid are produced. 69 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 7 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9 (2 molecules per glucose molecule) Pyruvic acid Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

15. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Requires ____________to get it started.

16. MITOCHONDRION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient ____________________________________

17. PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)

18. Cellular respiration Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate → CO 2 NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH 2 donate electrons → oxygen

19. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO 2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Coenzyme A (from B vitamin) Krebs Cycle AnimationKrebs Cycle Animation-

20. Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation

21. Kreb’s Cycle Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid CoA recycles 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO 2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO 2 released 3 NAD + reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD + reduced to 1 FADH 2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule

22. Electron transport chain

24. More on Making ATP 3 places in the chain make ATP NADH FADH 2 Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH 2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

25. Electron transport chain ETC includes Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q) NADH & FADH 2 pass electrons pass down ETC Energy from moving electrons concentrates H + ions in __________________ ________________: harnesses the flow of H + back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) ________ is final electron acceptor → ________

26. Cellular Respiration Grand Total Glycolysis: → 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Kreb’s Cycle: → 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) → 6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH 2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP

27. WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

28. Related metabolic processes Fermentation: alcohol~ pyruvate → ethanol lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate

29. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO 2 bubbles make air spaces in bread Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

30. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Used to make alcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

31. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

32. _______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

33. WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? NAD +

34. _______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO 2 LACTIC ACID You get the NAD + carriers back ______

35. __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP using either fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation

36. Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel __________________= breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate

37. Evolutionary Significance Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cells since eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

38. VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

39. __________________________ http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella

40. _________________________ = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST

41. MITOCHONDRION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP _________________________________

43. MITOCHONDRION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient ______________________________________