1. Newton’s Third Law

2. Newton’s 3 rd Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

3. Forces always come in pairs.

4. Action-Reaction Force Pairs Identifying and describing action-reaction force pairs is a simple matter of identifying the two interacting objects and making two statements describing who is pushing on whom and in what direction.

6. If the forces are equal, why does the ball fly further than the bat?

8. A horse is attached to a cart. When the horse tries to move forward, the cart pulls back with an equal and opposite force. How can the horse move forward?

9. Check Understanding While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?

10. Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal... (equal!). The fact that the firefly splatters only means that with its smaller mass, it is less able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the interaction. Besides, fireflies have guts and bug guts have a tendency to be splatterable. Windshields don't have guts. There you have it.

11. Many people are familiar with the fact that a rifle recoils when fired. This recoil is the result of action- reaction force pairs. A gunpowder explosion creates hot gases that expand outward allowing the rifle to push forward on the bullet. Consistent with Newton's third law of motion, the bullet pushes backwards upon the rifle. The force on the recoiling rifle is...

12. The force on the rifle equals the force on the bullet. Yet, acceleration depends on both force and mass. The bullet has a greater acceleration due to the fact that it has a smaller mass. Remember: acceleration and mass are inversely proportional.

13. Ex: ball and bat The baseball forces the bat to the left; the bat forces the ball to the right. Together, these two forces exerted upon two different objects form the action- reaction force pair.