1. AN ARCHITECTURE FOR LOCAL ENERGY GENERATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND SHARING Mike M. He, Evan M. Reutzel, Xiaofan Jiang, Randy H. Katz, Seth R. Sanders, David E. Culler, Ken Lutz Electrical Engineering University of California - Berkeley

2. The Energy Challenge

3. Modern Electricity Grid  Centrally Controlled  Large-scale Central Generation  One-way Power Flow  Homogeneous Power Quality, Reliability

4. Electricity Generation in the US Source: EIA, 2006 Statistics

5. Decreasing Costs Source: Dan Arvizu, Meeting the Renewable Energy Challenge: What Will it Take to Reach Solar PV’s Ultimate Potential, NREL, 2006

6. Growth of Renewable Energy Source: GlobalData

7. Renewable Energy: Intermittency 1.5 MW Wind Turbine 4.6 MW Solar Installation Source: Jay Apt and Aimee Curtright, “The Spectrum of Power from Utility-Scale Wind Farms and Solar Photovoltaic Arrays”, CEIC 2008

8. Energy Storage

9. Energy Storage Use

10. Distributed Intelligence  Management of distributed energy resources  Decision-making  Price data from utilities  Energy/power information locally  Forecasting based on past data  User customization  Demand response

11. Intelligent Power Switch (IPS)

12. LoCal Principles  Non-disruptive Adoption and Integration  Black Box Operation  Well-defined interface (Narrow Waist Model)  Diversity of scale and implementation  Plug And Play  Lessons from the Internet

13. LoCal Networking Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows

14. Networking Advantages  Market Interactions and Energy Sharing  Utilization of lowest cost available resources  Market pricing  Increased aggregate reliability  Distributed generation and storage  No large-scale outages  Displacement of services from electric grid  Reliability, power quality provided as needed

15. Challenges  Energy Storage  Cost  Round trip efficiency  Lifetime  Regulations  Restrictions on energy sharing  IEEE Standards

16. Cost of Reliability Source: C. Marnay, LBNL

17. The Goals of LoCal  Renewable Generation  Distributed intelligence  Peer-to-peer energy sharing  Market behavior