1. Frontier Physics at a High Intensity Proton Facility Leptonic Flavor Violation and Much More January 25, 2008 William J. Marciano Brookhaven National Laboratory

2. Outline 1. Future FNAL Fixed Target Physics (Comments)  p, charm, hyperons, kaons, neutrinos, muons… 2. Rare Kaon Decays (K  …) Golden Modes 3. Neutrino Scattering (NuSOng LOI) *4. Muon Physics i) Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment (3.4  dev.) ii) Coherent Muon-Electron Conversion (mu2e LOI) *5. Neutrino Oscillations (FNAL-Homestake 1300km) Very Large Detector (300-500kton H 2 O, LArgon…) Leptonic CP Violation,  13, Mass Hierarchy,…Precision Proton Decay, Supernova, Atmospheric,… 6. Concluding Remarks

3. 1. Future FNAL Fixed Target Physics Currently: Booster(8GeV), Main Injector(30-120GeV), Tevatron(800+GeV) & 2TeV p  p Collider +Accumulator, Debuncher, Recycler … SNuMi: MI (0.4MW at 50GeV, 1.2MW at 120GeV) Project X: 8GeV Linac (1% of ILC) R&D Project? MI (2MW 50-120GeV)! Better Proton Economics

4. Broad Fixed Target Program:  p, charm, hyperons, kaons, neutrinos, muons… LOIs submitted, Proposals being prepared Standard Model & Beyond Is the program big (exciting) enough for FNAL?, USA? What Cost? Interest? Competition? I will consider a few examples: (K, , & DUSEL-FNAL (shotgun) Marriage)

5. 2. Rare Kaon Decays K  : (SM Tests & New Physics Probes) SM Predictions: BR(K +  +  )  7.8(8)x10 -11 BR(K L  0  )  2.5(4)x10 -11 BNL E787&949: BR(K +    )=1.47(1.3/0.89)x10 -10 (3 events) Future Goals:  10% measurements (  100 events) Comparison with B decays tests New Physics ~ 3000TeV! Needs Project X (Very Good Motivation) Other: K L  0 e + e -, e + e -, e +  - ; K +  (pol), e + …

6. One Loop Contributions to K  (E949)

7. 3. Neutrino Scattering

9. Broad Physics Program: Structure Functions, Exotica,… Redo NuTeV with ~ 1/2 sin 2  W error in DIS q scattering (NuTeV sin 2  W (m Z )  M  S =0.2361(17) 3 sigma too high)  (  e   e)/  (  e  e )   sin 2  W  0.0016 Together with: APV(e - Cs), Moller (e - e - ), Q W (ep) And compared with Z pole sin 2  W (m Z )  M  S =0.2312(2)? Constrains New Physics at 1-2 TeV (Z’, Extra Dim…)  S &  T ~  0.1-0.2 Complements LHC Discoveries Other Experiments Needed for Tevatron Program

10. 4. Muon Physics i) Muon Anomalous Magnetic Monent Experimental Result: E821 at BNL a  exp  (g  -2)/2 =116592080(54) stat (33) sys x10 -11 =116592080(63)x10 -11 Factor of 14 improvement over CERN results (3.4 sigma deviation from theory!) Crack in the Standard Model? E969 Goal: Further Factor ~2 Improvement Examining Possible Factor 5 Upgrade!(Legacy Run) And Perhaps Move To Fermilab! (Muon Economics)

12. N(t) = N 0 e -t/  [1+Acos(  a t +  )]

14. Standard Model Prediction a  SM = a  QED +a  EW +a  Hadronic QED Contributions: a  QED =0.5(  /  )+0.765857410(27)(  /  ) 2 + 24.05050964(87)(  /  ) 3 + 130.8055(80)(  /  ) 4 + 663(20)(  /  ) 5 +… (5 loops!)  -1 =137.035999070(98) From a e (new) a  QED =116584718.1(2)x10 -11 Very Precise!

16. a  EW (1 loop)=194.8x10 -11 goal of E821 2 loop EW corrections are large -21% a  EW (2 loop)=-40.7(1.0)(1.8)x10 -11 3 loop EW leading logs very small O(10 -12 ) a  EW =154(2)x10 -11 Non Controversial EW Uncertainty ~  2x10 -11 Negligible Electroweak Loop Effects

17. From e + e -  hadrons data + dispersion relation a  Had (V.P.) LO =6894(42)(18)x10 -11 (Hagiwara et al) 3 loop=a  Had (V.P.) NLO +a  Had (LBL) a  Had (V.P.) NLO = -98(1)x10 -11 a  Had (LBL) = 120(35)x10 -11 a  Had =6916(42)(18)(35)x10 -11 a  SM =116591788(2)(46)(35)x10 -11

18. KEY REGION

19. New Physics? Nearly 2xStandard Model EW! Most Natural Explanation: SUSY Loops Generic 1 loop SUSY Contribution: a  SUSY = (sgn  )130x10 -11 (100GeV/m susy ) 2 tan  tan  3-40, m susy  100-500GeV Natural Explanation Range Other Explanations: Hadronic?      +isospin data (  a  =83(92)x10 -11 agreement!) Other New Physics ~ 2TeV Experiment? (must redo)  a  =a  exp -a  SM =292(63) exp (58) th x10 -11 (3.4  !)

20. SUSY 1 loop a  Corrections

21. Slepton mixing  Lepton Flavor Violation! Suppression due to near degeneracies in loops Nevertheless, we should expect: edms,  e ,  +  e + e - e +,  N  eN, , , … g  -2 deviation strengthens case for searches! MEG at PSI will do: BR(  e  )≤1.2x10 -11  2x10 -13 SES (Factor ~ 25 improvement)

22. Coherent  -e Conversion in Nuclei (  N  eN) Stop   in material, ~10 -10 sec,   N (1S) atom forms i)  (    e -  ) = 0.5x10 6 /sec ii)  (   N   N’) = 0.7x10 6 /sec (N=Al) = 2.6x10 6 /sec (N=Ti) iii)   N  e - N  (   Ti  e - Ti)<7x10 -13  (   Ti   ) (Prelim.) *Signature: m  -BE=105 MeV monoenergetic electron single particle  no accidentals  high rate capability! It can take every muon we can provide! MECO at BNL would have stopped 10 11   /sec! wait ~0.6x10 -6 sec (reject prompt background) Requires ~300keV resolution & Clean beam between pulses ii)  2e at Fermilab(LOI): R(  Al  eAl)  2x10 -17 !

23. Expected signal Cosmic ray background Prompt background Experimental signature is105 MeV e - originating in a thin stopping target. potential sources of fake backgrounds specify much of the design of the beam and experimental apparatus.

24. Reaction Bound In Progress Proposed Possible BR(  e  )  1.2x10 -11 2x10 -13 SES 2x10 -14 SES ? BR(  eee)  1x10 -12 - 10 -14 R(  Ti  eTi)  4x10 -12 - 2x10 -17 SES 10 -19  (7x10 -13 ) R(  Ti  eTi) at 7x10 -13 ~R(  Al  eAl) at 4x10 -13 BR(  e  )  7.2x10 -11 - BR(K L  e)  4.7x10 -12 10 -13 BR(  )  6.8x10 -8 10 -9 BR(Z  e) <1.7x10 -6 (10 -13 from  Ti  eTi!) Charged Lepton Number Violating Processes

25. The key to reaching 2x10 -17 SES in  2e is to copiously produce and stop 10 11   /s using an intense 8GeV proton beam on target in a trapping solenoid. The proton beam must be clean to 1 part in 10 9 -10 10 between pulses. Possible at Fermilab using 8GeV Infrastructure! (Must Do Experiment!)

26. Straw Tracker Crystal Calorimeter Muon Stopping Target Muon Beam Stop Superconducting Production Solenoid (5.0 T – 2.5 T) Superconducting Detector Solenoid (2.0 T – 1.0 T) Superconducting Transport Solenoid (2.5 T – 2.1 T) Collimators Muon Conversion Experiment

27. Some Theory Considerations: If transition dipole operator (chiral changing) dominates BR(  e  )=389R(  Al  eAl)=238R(  Ti  eTi) But conversion exp. can be more sensitive by 10 3 -10 4 ! Eg. Popular SUSY Models (may be related to  a  ) Neutrino Mass & Mixing Effects  Lepton Flavor Violation BR(  e  )~3  /32  [m 3 2 -m 2 2 ] 2 /m W 4 (s 13 c 13 s 23 ) 2  10 -54 R(  N  eN)~100BR(  e  )~10 -52 still tiny, but enhanced by Chiral conserving amplitudes. (Lesson) Conversion better for Heavy Neutrino Mixing In General: 1/200  BR(  e  )/R(  N  eN)  200 Conversion More Robust! Better Discovery Potential If MEG (  e  ) at PSI sees ~5 events,  2e should see 100-20,000 events!

28. Sensitivity to Different Muon Conversion Mechanisms Compositeness Second Higgs doublet Heavy Z’, Anomalous Z coupling Predictions at 10 -15 Supersymmetry Heavy Neutrinos Leptoquarks

29. 5. Neutrino Oscillations (FNAL-DUSEL 1300km) What (and where) is DUSEL? Homestake Gold Mine in South Dakota Chosen As Site For NSF Deep Underground Science And Engineering Lab (DUSEL). Expects $400-500M Funding. $200M for Lab and $200M for (first round) experiments. Currently $5M/yr for 3 yr to develop proposal. Thanks to a generous benefactor Mr. Sanford ($70M) DUSEL  SUSEL Already has one Nobel Prize: Ray Davis Solar Neutrinos Expects to have neutrino oscillation program!

32. Very Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillations (Fermilab or BNL- Homestake )

33. SUPER KAMIOKANDE

34. Neutrino Masses and Mixing (formalism & status)

35. Current Neutrino Mixing Parameters  m 32 2 =m 3 2 -m 2 2 =± 2.7(3)  10 -3 eV 2  m 21 2 =m 2 2 -m 1 2 =+7.6(2)  10 -5 eV 2 (Recent very precise KamLAND Measurement)  m 21 2 /  m 32 2  1/35  CP Violation Exp Doable! Hierarchy m 3  m 1 (normal) or m 3 <m 1 (inverted)?  23  45  sin 2 2  23 =1.0 (  23 or 90  -  23 )  12 ~34  sin 2 2  12 =0.86  13  11  sin 2 2  13  0.15 (How Small?) 0    360  ? J CP  0.11sin2  13 sin  (potentially very large) ( J CP (quarks)  3x10 -5 )

36. What do we still need to learn? 1. Value of  13 ? (Daya Bay Reactor sin 2 2  13  0.01) 2. Sgn  m 32 2 ? (Important for Neutrinoless  Decay) 3. Value of  ?, J CP ?, CP Violation? (Holy Grail) 4. Precision  m 32 2,  m 21 2,  23,  12 5. Absolute Mass (Tritium  decay, Neutrinoless  ) 6. “New Physics” - Sterile, Extra Dim., Dark Energy

37. Leptogenesis: Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry More baryons than antibaryons in our Universe Leptogenesis Scenario: 1. Heavy Majorana Neutrinos Created and Decay N  H - e +, H 0  (L & CP VIOLATION) Leads to antilepton (excess)-lepton Asymmetry 2. Electroweak Phase Transition (250GeV) (Baryogenesis) ‘t Hooft Mechanism B-L Conserved (B&L Violated) antilepton excess  baryon (quark) excess by 1 in 10 9 Is L Violated in Nature? (Neutrinoless  Decay) Is there Leptonic CP Violation? ( oscillations) Indirect evidence for Leptogenesis (Best we can do.)

38. Leptonic CP Violation

41. Z. Parsa, BNL

42. Z. Parsa, BNL FNAL BNL

43. Zohreh Parsa, BNL FNAL

44. CP Violation Asymmetry

45. CP Violation Insensitivities To a very good approx., our statistical ability to determine  or A cp is independent of sin 2 2  13 (down to 0.003) and the detector distance (for long distance).

46. iii) CP Violation Requirements Pick any reasonable  13 (eg sin 2 2  13 =0.04) What does it take to measure  to  15  in about 5x10 7 sec? Answer (Approx.): 500kton Water Cerenkov Detector Approx 20% Acceptance, 125 kton LArgon 80% Acceptance or Hybrid combination + Traditional Horn Focused WBB powered by 1-2MW proton accelerator (AGS Linac Upgrade) or Project X with 2MW 50GeV protons ~0.5-1degree off-axis (don’t need high energy >3-4 GeV neutrinos) (Very well matched to 300kton H 2 O Detector)

47. TRADITIONAL HORN FOCUSED NEUTRINOS Protons  target    (em focus down a long decay tunnel) (At Fermilab only 100-200m at ~5º incline)     +  (intense  beam results) Very Efficient ~ 1/3 /proton Off-Axis detector - lose high energy neutrinos Detect  + n     p or if   e oscillations e + n  e - + p

48. Horn Focused Neutrino Beam

50. Requirements 300-500 kton H 2 O (or equivalent) 1-2 MW proton beam (Superbeam) 3 + 3  yrs running time Flagship of DUSEL Many Potential Revolutionary Discoveries (50yrs of Physics)

51. SUPER KAMIOKANDE

53. Physics Program (Big Underground Detector) i) Neutrino Physics (Osc., Astro., Cosmology) Atmospheric µ   osc (precision) Solar e  e, µ,  (if needed) *Supernova  e, µ …. > 100,000 events! Relic Supernova (History of the Universe) *Very Long Baseline (Star Attaction) (Needs FNAL) µ  µ  µ   µ µ  e  µ   e  Oscillations 

54. Supernova Neutrinos SN 1987A: 19 events observed by Kamiokande & IMB  e p  e + n Great Discovery - Confirmed SN Models A SN in our galaxy (every ~ 40yr) at typical10kpc would lead to about 100,000  e p  e + n events/300kton H 2 O Also, e  e, ( = e, , ,  e,  ,   ) ~ 1000events We would like to see e + 40 Ar  e - + 40 K (initial burst) ~250 events/kton LArgon Neutrino Spectrum  SN Dynamics & Oscillations Extremely Rich Discovery Possible We must have as many detectors as possible online Relic SN Neutrinos (10-40MeV) S/B/yr ~10/10

55. Goals: Measure all osc. parameters.  m 2 32 = m 2 3 - m 2 2 =  2.6(3) x 10 -3 eV 2 to  1%  m 2 21 = m 2 2 - m 2 1 = 7.6(2)x10 -5 eV 2 to  5% in appearance sin 2 2  23  0.9 - 1.0 to  0.01 (Break Degeneracy) sin 2 2  12  0.84  0.10 to  0.03 (?) sin 2 2  13  0.15 ~ 0.003 Sign of  m 2 32  to  15  (CP Violation) Sterile, Extra Dim, Dark Energy? …

58. CP Phase Insensitivity to  13 Value

59. ii) Proton Decay (Gauge Boson Mediated) (X  4/3,Y  1/3 ):  (p  e +  0 )  10 34 yr SuperK Goal SuperK 22.5Kton H 2 0 Fiducial Vol. Next Generation  10 35 yr   300Kton H 2 0 SUSY GUTS  (p  e +  0 )  10 35 (m X /10 16 GeV) 4 yr Other decay modes p  K +,…. Egs. UNO Proposal 500Kton H 2 O (22xSuperK) Homestake 300Kton H 2 O (Phase  )Modular (Cost  $1M/kton) Also Does: Magnetic Monopoles (GUT 10 18 GEV) (Catalyze Proton Decay p+M  e + +M) Neutron-Antineutron Osc. (10 9 sec) Virtual Black Hole Proton Decay… ( CP Violation & Proton Decay  500kton H 2 O)

60. 6. Outlook Fermilab should (must) do  2e at 2x10 -17 (Preparation for 10 -18 -10 -19 and future muon physics) We can advance: CP Violation,  13, Hierarchy,… Atmospheric, Solar(?) 100,000 supernova events (if in our galaxy)! Observe relic supernova (universe history)! Exotic effects: sterile, extra dim. dark energy… Proton decay, n-  n osc.,…magnetic monopoles Potential for major discoveries is great! Requires Big Detector: 500kton H 2 O or equivalent 50 yrs of physics investment! National Program

61. Fermilab Activities What does Fermilab do after the LHC starts? (Great Hope - ILC e + e - Collider (  +  - Collider?)) In the meantime? New Working Group Reports Project X Option- 8GeV proton linac (ILC R&D?) *8GeV fixed target program (eg.  N  eN…) superb! + Main Injector, Tevatron  p, hyperons, kaons, … MI: 2MW at 50GeV provides nice neutrino beam for FNAL-Homestake (Cost ?) Total Project ≤$1 Billion IT’S A BARGAIN! Doable! Must Do! (START AS SOON AS POSSIBLE!) Should be main focus of Fermilab FT Program