1. Avian Musculature
Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

2. Avian Muscle Types
***
Smooth Muscle

3. Skeletal Muscle Function

4. Skeletal Muscle 1

5. Skeletal Muscle Structure (Muscle, Fascicle, Muscle Fiber)
(Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium)

6. (Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasma, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum)
Muscle Fiber
(Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasma, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum)

7. Muscle Fiber Formation
(Myoblast Fusion)

8. (Thick Filaments, Thin Filaments)
Myofibrils
(Thick Filaments, Thin Filaments)

9. Sliding Filament Theory: Sarcomere Organization
Thin Filament: Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

10. Sliding Filament Theory: Relaxation and Contraction

11. Sliding Filament Theory: Role of Thin Filament
(Tropomyosin, Troponin and Calcium)

12. Muscle Fibers and the Nervous System

13. White versus Red Muscle Fibers2

14. Red Muscle Fibers
White Muscle Fibers 4 3
Myoglobin
Myoglobin:
Respiration Type:
Fiber Twitch Speed:
Energy Source:

15. Antagonistic Muscle Action
(Flexors, Extensors)
Muscles only pull, they don’t contract
Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

16. Flexing, Extending Wing (Supracoracoideus, Pectoralis)
Fig in Gill 2007

17. Flexing, Extending Forearm (Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii)

18. Flexing, Extending Hand
(Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Extensor Metacarpi Radialis)

19. Wing Muscles (Summary)
(Pectoralis, Supracoracoideus, Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii,
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Extensor Metacarpi Radialis)
Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

20. Skeletal Muscles of the Bird Leg
Fig in Podulka et al. 2004

21. Skeletal Muscles of the Tail

22. Hindlimb and Tail Muscles (Summary)
Iliotibialis Extensor
Semitendinosus Flexor
Peroneus Longus
Gastrocnemius
TAIL
Levator Caudae
Depressor Caudae

23. Other Muscle Types in Birds
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle: Striations, Multiple Marginal Nuclei
Cardiac Muscle: Striations, Mononucleate
Smooth Muscle: Unstriated, Mononucleate

24. Muscle Fibers and the Nervous System