1. The Scientific Revolution Spread of new technology, combined with innovative approaches to seeing knowledge.

2. New Scientific Ideas Nicolaus Copernicus: “The earth is round and revolves around the sun” Worked in private to avoid persecution Based theories on hypotheses, but did not prove

3. Challenging the Church: Johannes Kepler: Able to prove Copernicus right Proved, “planets orbit the sun on ellipses” Galileo Faced opposition from Church leaders Built a telescope to study space Reasoned, “not all heavenly bodies revolve around earth” Forced to recant some of his teachings New Scientific Ideas

4. The Scientific Method Developed by Francis Bacon Identify the problem through observation Develop a hypotheses Test by experimenting (several x’s) Take record of the results If the hypotheses proves to be true, it becomes scientific law

5. Isaac Newton Attended Cambridge University Idea of Gravity: Keeps things from flying off the earth Holds the Solar System together 1687: Published Principia Developed calculus: calculating changing forces or quantities

6. Investigating the Human Body Andreas Vesalius: Studied anatomy through dissection 1543: On the Structure of the Human Body William Harvey: Blood circulates and is pumped by the heart Robert Hooke: Used the microscope to discover cells

7. Chemists Robert Boyle: Attacked the “four basic elements” Proved that air was a combination of several elements Element = something that can’t be broken down into simpler parts by chemical means Joseph Priestly: Discovered the existence of oxygen Studied carbon dioxide Result: Carbonated beverages

8. The Impact of Science Natural Law: A universal moral law English Philosophers: Thomas Hobbes: argued that absolutism was best; chaos without it 1651: Leviathan, a state w/o government

9. English Philosophers John Locke: Believed in natural rights (life, liberty, and property) If government failed, people had a right to overthrow it Two Treatises of Government: government exists to protect the natural rights of citizens Ideas were used by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence The Impact of Science

10. Reason Influences Law: Helped end unjust trials Hugo Grotius: wanted an international law code Believed that one body of rules would allow reason and order to determine right and wrong. William Penn: Pacifist Opposed violence as a means of settling disputes Advocated an assembly of nations committed to world peace

11. Examining Religion: Educated Europeans applied reason to religious beliefs; turned away from traditional practices Deism: religious philosophy, intended to make a simpler and more natural religion based on reason and natural law.

12. Triumph of Reason Age of Enlightenment: (1600s-1700s) People studied the world as if for the 1 st time Spreading Ideas: (French Philosophes) Believed in Locke’s ideas/teachings Denis Diderot: edited the first Encyclopedia Banned by the Catholic Church

13. Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws (1748) Admired the English govt. Promoted the idea of separate branches Power is equally divided (checks and balances) Voltaire: French author and deist Triumph of Reason

14. Women and the Enlightenment: 1750s: began to affirm equality with men Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women Favored equal education Classical Movements: (calm, rationale style) Focus on form, not content Music – stressed balance, contrast, and emotion Musicians: Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart

15. Enlightenment Opponents: William Blake “God is not a mathematical diagram!!” Jean-Jacques Rousseau: criticized the era’s excessive reliance on reason Humans are good, civilization was corrupting “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains” The Social Contract: Man must submit to the will of the majority

16. Enlightenment Opponents (continued): Immanuel Kant: reason can’t answer questions dealing with metaphysics – (philosophy dealing with the existence God) Critique of Pure Reason (1781): reality consists of separate physical and spiritual worlds

17. Religious Movements: Methodism: Founded by John Wesley Stressed the value of personal religious experience Reaction to the cold formality of the Anglican Church

18. The Road to Revolt 1750s: American colonies were thriving and were used to self-government British left the colonists alone other than trade The Navigation Acts of the 1600s required colonial imports and exports to go through England Smuggling became an issue

19. Colonists were governed by a crown appointed governor, but assemblies were set up Wanted to be able to approve or reject new taxes The Road to Revolt

20. Tightening of Colonial Controls After the French and Indian War ended, taxes had to be raised to compensate the war debt George Greenville became the Lord of The Treasury Colonists couldn’t settle west of the Appalachians Colonists should help pay for the cost of defense Enforced the Navigation Acts Stamp Act (1765): direct tax to Britain

21. Colonial Protests Colonists began to boycott British goods Stamp Act Congress (1765): 9 colonies were represented “No taxation without representation” Declaratory Acts (1766): taxed most goods

22. Boston Massacre (1770): 5 colonists were killed Repealed all of the taxes except on tea Boston Tea Party (East India Tea Co.) Intolerable Acts were passed First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774) Colonial Protests