1. Welcome to Marine Ecology!

2. What is Marine Ecology?
You signed up for it. What is it?

3. What is Marine Ecology?
It is a division of Oceanography. Oceanography- scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of the world’s oceans and seas This includes: physical and chemical properties origin and geologic framework the life forms that inhabit the marine environment. Marine is simply a term meaning found in or produced by the sea.

4. Traditionally, oceanography has been divided into four separate but related branches:
Physical
Chemical
Geological
Biological

5. Physical oceanography - deals with the properties of seawater (temperature, density, pressure, and so on), its movement (waves, currents, and tides), and the interactions between the ocean waters and the atmosphere.

6. Chemical oceanography - has to do with the composition of seawater and the biogeochemical cycles that affect it.

7. Geological oceanography - focuses on the structure, features, and evolution of the ocean basins.

8. Biological oceanography (Marine ecology) - involves the study of the plants and animals of the sea, including life cycles and food production.

9. All of these overlap and the lines between the sciences are really conceptual rather than definitive.
One general distinction we will make in this course is between biology and ecology.
Biologist tend to focus on a particular organism.
Ecologist tend to focus on the environment and species interactions.

10. If a new species of marine organism is found, which branch of oceanography would be most interested?
As global temperatures increase, it will eventually change ocean currents. What branch of oceanography will be studying and predicting these changes?

11. Marine Biologist Profiles of Scientists and Engineers

12. What does a marine biologist do?

13. Why Study Marine Science?
It’s amazing and awesome!
Tons of weird and wonderful creatures!
Ocean is huge!
Practical reasons
Medical advances have come from studying marine organisms (understand the nervous system better because of using giant squid axons)
All the oceans living systems are worth more than 20 trillion a year
Food, the oceans provide us with a tremendous (but declining) amount of food!
Travel, a lot of transportation utilizes the ocean
Recreation and Tourism, lots of fun things to do in and around the oceans!

14. Why Study Marine Science? Cont.
Issues
Marine organisms can cause disease or attack people directly
Marine organisms can damage to ships and structures
Fundamentally important reasons
Marine organisms produce most of the oxygen in the world
Shorelines are shaped and protected by sea life
Organisms and the ocean itself help regulate the environment.

15. What does this mean?
“To make both full and wise use of the sea’s living resources, to solve the problems marine organisms create, and to predict the effects of human activities on the life of the sea…”Castro & Huber; Marine Biology

16. Time for a simple question.

17. Do Elephants Exist?

19. Do Dragons Exist?

22. Scientific Method

26. Temperatures for December 2015 were especially unusual, with the highest average temperatures on land and sea surface recorded for any single month during 136 years of record keeping, according to a Jan. 20 statement by NASA and a report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

27. Observation
a remark, statement, or comment based on something one has seen, heard, or noticed.

28. Inference
Conclusion reached based on observations and reasoning

30. Observations?

31. Inferences?

33. 1/27/2016 Marine Ecology Agenda
Discuss Oceanographer assignment
Collected oceanographer assignment
Observation practive
Observation Notes
Observation Vs. Inference Activity
Inductive Vs. Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Vs. Deductive reasoning WS

34. Lets practice our observation skills again!
Remember to make observations and not inferences!

35. Observation
a remark, statement, or comment based on something one has seen, heard, or noticed.

36. Inference
Conclusion reached based on observations and reasoning

39. Observations?

40. What inferences can we make?

42. Observation: “The Currency of Science”
Science is based on the idea that we can learn about the world making observations only through our senses, or the tools we use to extend these senses.
Example: Microscope (see stuff we can’t see with the naked eye)

43. Relying on observations allows them to be verified by others.
Thoughts and feelings are personal, we can not directly experience the mind of another.

44. Observation Vs. Inference Activity

45. Marine Ecology Agenda 1/29/16
Warm-up- Creature of the day!
Complete mystery sentence activity/discuss
Reasoning Styles Notes
Reasoning Styles WS
History of Marine exploration Notes
Challenger Tweets project

46. Sea lemon (Archidoris pseudoargus)

47. Next we must explain these observations.
Why is that species of seaweed found only in certain depth ranges?
And make predictions.
Will the fishing be good next year?

48. Two ways of thinking
Induction- use observations to arrive at general principals “bottom up”
Deduction- Reasoning from general principals to specific conclusions “top down”

49. Inductive Comes from multiple observations.
Look for a pattern in the observations.
Move from Data to theory.
General conclusions are made on the basis of specific observations.

50. Example: I observe that sharks, sailfish and tuna all have gills
Example: I observe that sharks, sailfish and tuna all have gills. They are all fish. Therefore, all fish have gills

51. Deductive Based upon a theory.
Make a prediction or determination of a specific event or outcome.
Making specific predictions by applying general principals.

52. Statement/Theory: Reasoning: All marine animals have gills.
Whales are marine animals.
Therefore, whales have gills.

53. Inductive Vs. Deductive Worksheet

54. Testing Ideas Hypothesis: Scientific hypothesis:
A statement that might be true.
Scientific hypothesis:
Must be stated in a way that can be tested. Must be capable of being disproven if false.
Example: Whales have gills.
Testable: Look.
Result: Proven incorrect.

55. Hypothesis: Mermaids are real!
Is this scientific? Explain.

56. We could search forever and never find one, but someone could simply reply “You just haven’t found them yet.”
The statement that there are mermaids in the ocean is not a scientifically valid hypothesis, because it is not completely testable.
Scientist could never really prove the hypothesis false. (there are no mermaids)

57. Create two hypotheses One should be NOT scientific
One should be scientific

60. Nature of Scientific Proof
How can you prove a hypothesis true?

61. In science there is no absolute truth.
No hypothesis can ever be proven absolutely true.
If we say that all fish have gills, and every fish that we have seen thus far does indeed have gills, it does not mean that there isn’t a fish out there that might not have them.
In science there is no absolute truth.

62. Limitations to Science
Hypothesis must be continually be examined and re-examined, poked and prodded.
If they stand up to this for long enough, they are eventually conditionally accepted as “true” in that it is consistent with available evidence.
Hypothesis are accepted, not proven.

63. Limitations to Science
Scientist are people too!
Mistakes can happen, this is why many people need to test one another’s hypothesis and science is a collaborative effort. Bias can creep in. It is not possible to be completely objective all the time.
Science is based on direct observations and testable hypothesis. This means that science cannot make judgments about values, ethics or morality. Science can reveal how the world is, but not how it should be.

64. “Science is organized common sense where many a beautiful theory was killed by an ugly fact.”
-Thomas Henry Huxley

65. D & T Activity.

66. END.

67. Warm-Up 1/23/15 Give an example of inductive reasoning
Give an example of deductive reasoning
What is critical to a hypothesis being considered scientific?

68. 2nd- Observation Activity then D&T activity.
4th- D&T activity

69. History of Marine Science

70. Phoenicians were the first accomplished western navigators
Phoenicians were the first accomplished western navigators. Widely traveled by 2000 B.C.
Pre-Historic and Ancient sea travel is a complex story.

71. Greeks studied sea life
Aristotle
384–322 BC
“First Marine Biologist” – studied and recorded observations
Described many forms of marine life and recognized among other things, that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish

72. Dark Ages
Around A.D
Scientific inquiry grinds to a halt. Most previous knowledge lost.
Vikings did most of the sailing in Western Europe. Landed in North America in 995A.D.
Arab and eastern world kept exploring and learning.

73. Centuries of Exploration
Renaissance saw a “rediscovery” of previous knowledge and information from other cultures.
Inspired Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1519).
Explorers begin producing fairly accurate maps.

74. James Cook (~1768)
Explored all the world’s oceans and provided detailed descriptions and samples
First to have a full‐time naturalist aboard (Before it was cool) and brought back specimens of plants and animals
First to Use Chronometer: timepiece for determining longitude precisely which resulted in creation of accurate charts and maps

75. Chronometer

76. Mistakes were made and he was killed by native Hawaiians

77. Charles Darwin (~1831)
Naturalist on the HMS Beagle (it had become common to take one along)
Five year voyage – collected enough data, information, and samples to keep him working for the rest of his life.
Resulted in the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, but he also studied plankton, barnacles, and lots of other Marine Biology

78. Edward Forbes (1840’s & 50’s) Dredged the sea floor
First to describe sea floor fauna (people didn’t think anything could live down there)
Collected a lot of the information known about the sea floor today
Set standards for marine collecting

79. HMS Challenger Expeditions ‐ 1872
First vessel equipped solely for oceanographic exploration (retrofitted military vessel)
3.5 years traveling the world gathering information and samples
19 years to publish results (50 large books)
Set new standards for studying the ocean
Laid the foundations of modern marine science

80. Edible sea urchin (Echinus esculentus)

81. Challenger Live Tweets

82. Marine Ecology Agenda 2/2
Creature of the day
Challenger Tweets (45min to work)
Share out of tweets/discussion
Complete Tweets or Notes

83. Javanese Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera javanica)

87. Welcome to Marine Ecology!

88. Warm-Up 1/26/15
What oceanic voyage is said to have laid the foundations of marine research?
What Greek philosopher is said to be the “first marine biologist”?
James Cook took what two things along during his voyages that allowed for significant advances in understanding marine environments?

90. Warm Up 1/27 What year did the HMS Challenger launch?
How many continents did it visit?
What is dredging and why was it important during the Challenger expedition?

91. Marine Ecology Agenda 2/3/16
Critter of the day
Research Tools Notes
Sea Floor Mapping activity

92. Red-spotted Guard Crab (Trapezia tigrina)

93. Science voyages had limitations.
To improve research seashore laboratories were established.
Allowed scientist to keep organisms alive and study them over time.

94. Other early institutions:
Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts was the first major American marine laboratory.
Other early institutions:
Hopkins Marine Station, CA
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, CA
Friday Harbor Marine Lab, WA

95. War! What is it good for? SOund Navigation And Ranging
During the second world war, technology was developed to try to detect submarines.
System of underwater echoes. Requires listening underwater.
SONAR:
SOund
Navigation
And
Ranging

96. It was once thought that the ocean was silent
It was once thought that the ocean was silent. Suddenly realized there are a lot of animals making a lot of noise out there!
Military had to start studying the sounds so they could detect enemies.
Lots of money thrown at marine biologist, significant advances made.

97. SCUBA
After WWII, French engineers, Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau, used compressed air technology developed during the war to develop SCUBA.

98. Self
Contained
Underwater
Breathing
Apparatus

99. Not Self Contained. What advantages did SCUBA offer over this technology?

100. Look at me! I’m NOT drowning!
This is HUGE! Marine biologist could observe marine organisms in their natural environment, collect specimens and perform experiments!

101. Current Technology

102. ROV – Remotely Operated Vehicles
Current Technology
ROV – Remotely Operated Vehicles

103. Computers – rapid analysis of information

104. Internet – information availability and distribution

105. Satellites – ocean currents and temperatures; migratory patterns

106. Critter Cams – track organisms

107. Submarines and research vessels – direct access to deep ocean

108. R/V Flip ‐ Research Platforms

109. END.

110. Critical Thinking Question
Nearly all of the major advances in marine biology have come in the last 200 years. What do you think are the reasons for this?
Think-Pair-Share