1. Toxicology Toxicology—measure of how armful a substance is – Potential harm is dependent on Dosage Bioaccumulation—some molecules are absorbed & stored in specific organs or tissues at levels higher than normally would be expected Biomagnification—levels of some toxins in the environment are magnified as they pass through a food web – DDT, PCBs, & some radioactive isotopes Chemical interactions that can decrease or multiply the effects of a toxin

2. Toxicology Antagonistic interaction—reduce the harmful response – Vitamins A & E interact to reduce body’s response to carcinogens Synergistic interaction—multiplies harmful effects – Asbestos increase chances of lung cancer – workers who smoke increase chances of lung cancer 400x

3. Toxicology Poison—chemical that has an LD 50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight – LD 50 —median lethal dose The amount of chemical that in one dose that kills exactly 50% of the animals in a test population within a 14 day period

4. Toxicology Toxicity Testing – Dose-response curves—shows the effects of various dosages of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms X-axis plot concentration of toxin & y-axis plots response Usually follows an S-shaped curve Epidemiology—study of the patterns of disease or other harmful effects from toxic exposure within defined groups of people to figure out why some people get sick and other do not

5. Chemical hazards Toxic chemicals—substances that are fatal to more than ½ of test animals (LD 50 ) at given concentrations Hazardous chemicals—cause harm by being flammable, irritating or damaging to skin or lungs, interfering with oxygen uptake, or inducing allergic reactions

6. Chemical Hazards Mutagens—agents that cause random mutations to DNA molecules – Most mutations are harmless due to repair mechanisms Teratogens—chemicals, radiation, or viruses that cause birth defects while the human embryo is growing & developing during pregnancy – PCBs, thalidomide, steroid hormones, arsenic, cadmium, etc. Carcinogens—chemicals, radiation, or viruses that cause or promote the growth of malignant tumors in which cells multiply uncontrollably

7. Chemical Hazards Effects of Chemicals on Human Body Systems – Immune system—HIV, ionizing radiation, malnutrition, & synthetic chemicals – Nervous system—Neurotoxins Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, PCBs, dioxins) Organophosphate pesticices Formaldehyde Chemicals of arsenic, mercury, lead, & cadmium Industrial solvents (toluene, xylene) – Endocrine system—synthetic chemicals called hormonally active agents disrupts effects of hormones

8. Biological Hazards Nontransmissible Diseases—not caused by living things & do not spread from person to person – Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, etc Transmissible diseases—caused by living things and can be spread from person to person

9. Biological Hazards Pathogens are spread via air, water, food, body fluids, insects WHO’s seven deadliest infectious diseases – Acute respiratory infections (pneumonia & flu)—3.7 million/yr – HIV/AIDS—2.6 million/yr – Diarrheal diseases—2.5 million/yr – Tuberculosis—2 million/yr – Malaria—1.5 million/yr – Measles—1 million/yr – Hepatitis B—1 million/yr

10. Biological Hazards Treatments for infectious diseases – Bacterial & protozoan diseases are treated with antibiotic drugs – Viral disorders are treated with vaccines before infection

11. Biological Hazards Factors affecting the spread of transmissible diseases – Increased international air travel – Migration to urban areas – Migration to uninhabited rural areas & deforestation of tropical developing nations – Hunger & malnutrition – Increased rice cultivation (mosquito breeding) – Global warming – High winds or hurricanes – Accidental introduction of insect vectors – Flooding

12. Biological Hazards Epidemiological transition—infectious diseases of childhood become less important and the chronic diseases of adulthood become more important in causing mortality – Infectious & parasitic diseases cause 43% of deaths in developing nations but only 1% in developed nations