1. Chapter 8 Muscular Analysis of Upper Extremity Exercises

2. Muscular Balance Contralateral Assessment 10-15% difference Agonist to Antagonist Ratio Anterior to Posterior Development

3. Activity Analysis Concepts  Muscles are usually grouped (aggregate) according to their concentric function (agonists) and work in paired opposition to an antagonistic muscle group. Elbow Flexion Elbow Flexion Elbow Flexion Elbow Flexion Shouler Extension Shouler Extension Shouler Extension Shouler Extension Supination Supination Supination  Cooperative Teamwork Agonists: Agonists: Concentric contractionConcentric contraction Antagonists: Antagonists: Lengthening without tension:Lengthening without tension: Lengthening under tension:Lengthening under tension:

4. BBBBody Extremities – Several bony segments linked by a series of joints. These are likened unto a linkage system of a chain. Open Kinetic Chain: Distal end of the extremity is NOT fixed to any surface Core of body and proximal segment are stabilized Any joint in the extremity can move or function separately without causing movement in other joints of the extremity. Allow you to isolate a particular joint (muscle or muscle group) Sheer forces and distractive forces are acting on the joint Closed Kinetic Chain: Distal end of the extremity is fixed Movement of one joint causes predictable movement in other joints of the extremity. Involves several joints and muscle groups – how most activity occurs Joint is more stable due to compressive forces from weight bearing. Kinetic Chain Concept Open Kinetic Chain Closed Kinetic Chain

5. Analysis of Movement 1. Analyze movement of each involved joint by individual movement phase 2. Determine which muscles are performing the movement 3. Know what type of muscle contraction is occurring 4. Understand role of antagonists, synergists, stabilizers, neutralizers, etc. 5. Know exercises to strengthen and stretch the involved muscles Click for movie

6. Movement Phases  Stance Phase Balanced body position from which to initiate skill/movement Balanced body position from which to initiate skill/movement Relatively static phase accomplished through isometric contractions Relatively static phase accomplished through isometric contractions  Preparatory Phase (cocking or wind-up) Place the involved muscles in stretch position in preparation for concentric muscle contraction Place the involved muscles in stretch position in preparation for concentric muscle contraction  Movement Phase (acceleration or action) Summation of force – near maximal concentric muscle activity of involved muscles Summation of force – near maximal concentric muscle activity of involved muscles  Follow-Through Phase (deceleration) Begins immediately following climax of movement phase Begins immediately following climax of movement phase Eccentric muscle contraction of antagonistic muscles to movement Eccentric muscle contraction of antagonistic muscles to movement  Recovery Phase Regain balance and positioning Regain balance and positioning Muscles used to eccentrically decelarate movement essentially used concentrically to initiate return to normal position Muscles used to eccentrically decelarate movement essentially used concentrically to initiate return to normal position Baseball Pitch

7. Movement Phases  Lifting Phase: concentric contraction overcoming resistance, causing movement concentric contraction overcoming resistance, causing movement  Lowering Phase: eccentric contraction controlling resistance eccentric contraction controlling resistance DipsPull up Bench Press