1. A Nation in Crisis Should slavery be allowed to spread under the law?

2. In the BEGINNING! Founding Fathers tried to deal with Slavery in The US Constitution (Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists) Article 1 Section 2 3/5ths compromise: In order for the Southern and Northern States to compromise on representation (Congress- House of Representatives) free blacks/slaves are counted as 3/5ths of a citizen. “ Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free (white) Persons, including those bound to Service (slaves) for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons

3. BEGINNING cont. End of Slave trade Article 1 Section 9- Designated in the Constitution (1788)- by founding fathers to limit and ultimately END slavery in the South. Placed an end date to the slave trade in 20 years - (1808) “The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight..."

4. BEGINNING cont. –Article 4 Section 2: The US Constitution establishes the basis of Fugitive Slave laws. –Runaway (fugitives) slaves have to be returned to their owners even if they escape to the North. –“No Person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labor, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due.”

5. Since 1815, four new states had joined the Union (Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois and Alabama), following the blueprint laid out by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. (Articles of Conf.) But Missouri posed a problem.

6. Mason-Dixon Line Original Northern-Southern “Border” Colonial Border dispute- 1763-1767 Surveyors Mason and Dixon established boundaries between the Pennsylvania (North) and Virginia/ Maryland borders (South) Official song of the South!

7. REVIEW- EXPANSION and SLAVERY (Don’t Write) The Missouri Compromise –When Missouri applied for admission into the Union in 1819, it applied as a slave state. –This would have given the South control of the Senate (Congress), since there would be 12 slave states and 11 free states. –Solution: 1) Missouri -slave state 2) Maine -free state 3) Slavery was banned north of 36°30. –Thanks to Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)

10. Failed attempt to stop slavery: The Tallmadge Amendment New York congressman, James Tallmadge Jr., to proposed two amendments to the statehood bill. The first stipulated that slaves born in Missouri after statehood would be free at age twenty-five, and the second declared that no new slaves could be imported into the state. Passed in the house…Defeated in the Senate

11. Another failed attempt: Wilmot Proviso (Damn Senate!) Senator Wilmot from PA wanted to propose that slavery be banned in ANY area won from Mexico. The House passed the Proviso in 1846, but the Senate defeated it!

12. COMPROMISE OF 1850 California wanted to join the Union as a free state. South wasn’t going to give it up easy. Here’s what Congress decided: 1. CA enters as a free state. 2. Stricter Fugitive Slave Act made it legal for slave owners to go after and capture runaway slaves in free states. 3. Popular Sovereignty: New Mexico and Utah would vote on whether to make it free or slave. Created by guess who… Henry Clay! YOU ARE THE MAN!

14. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT-1854 Under the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 the people living in those states through popular sovereignty can decide whether they would join as free or slave. Since both territories are clearly above the 36’ 30 line, violating the Missouri Compromise, this angered northerners and anti-slavery people. Border Ruffians (from Missouri) flood into Kansas in an attempt to sway the state. –The name “Bleeding Kansas” is a result of violence that occurs

15. DRED SCOTT In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of Dred Scott, a fugitive slave. –He argued for his freedom after his master had moved them from Missouri a slave state to Illinois, a free state. And then back again. –Scott claimed that since he lived in Illinois, it made him free. –The Supreme Court ruled that since he was a slave, he was property, not a citizen. –He had no rights.

16. Political Parties of the 1860s Democratic Party- (South) Pro-slavery. Wanted to spread slavery to the West- Popular sovereignty. In favor of Dred Scott decision. Whig Party- (Purpose was to challenge Jackson in 1830s) Collapsed in 1852 when the party split on slavery in the West. Sides joined other parties. Republican Party- (North) Anti-slavery group. Wanted to stop slavery from spreading into West. (Made up of Free-Soilers, Whigs, antislavery Democrats, and nativists). Dred Scott decision unpopular in North.

17. Political Parties of the 1860s cont Free- Soil Party- Anti-slavery group. Fought for good wages, more jobs for whites, and did not want slavery to spread into the West. (not abolitionist) Know Nothings Party- Supported “nativism”- the favoring of native-born whites over immigrants. Split on slavery in the West. Liberty Party- Anti-slavery group (abolitionist) wanted to pass laws ending slavery.