4. [ ] Square brackets enclose syntax options { } Braces enclose items of which only one is required | A vertical bar denotes options … Three dots indicate that the preceding expression can be repeated Delimiters Example of delimiters are commas and parentheses, etc. CAPS Indicate Oracle keywords UNDERLINE Indicates a default value Syntax Symbols

5. LOWER(string1) Converts to lowercase UPPER(string1) Converts to uppercase INITCAP(string1) Capitalizes the first letter LPAD( string1, padded_length, [ pad_string ] ) Left pads RPAD( string1, padded_length, [ pad_string ] ) Right pads LTRIM( string1, [ trim_string ] ) Left trims RTRIM( string1, [ trim_string ] ) Right trims Character Functions

6. TRIM([LEADING|TRAILING|BOTH] trim_character FROM string1) Trims leading, trailing or both sides SUBSTR( string1, start_position, [ length ] ) Cuts out a piece of a string INSTR( string1, string2 [, start_position [, nth_appearance ] ] ) Determines the starting location of a string Character Functions continued

7. LENGTH(string1) Returns the length of a string CONCAT(string1,string2) Concatenates two strings REPLACE( string1, string_to_replace, [ replacement_string ] ) Replaces a string with another string SOUNDEX(string1) Returns phonetic representation TRANSLATE( string1, string_to_replace, replacement_string ) Substitutes individual characters Character Functions continued