1. Fig. 13-CO, p. 437

2. Fig. 13-21, p. 456

3. Fig. 13-22, p. 457

4. Fig. 13-23, p. 457

5. Fig. 13-23a, p. 457

6. Types of Waves – Transverse In a transverse wave, each element that is disturbed moves in a direction perpendicular to the wave motion Section 13.7

7. Fig. 13-23b, p. 457

8. Types of Waves – Longitudinal In a longitudinal wave, the elements of the medium undergo displacements parallel to the motion of the wave A longitudinal wave is also called a compression wave Section 13.7

9. Fig. 13-30b, p. 462 Parts of a wave : Wavelength λ Amplitude A Characteristics of a wave: Frequency f Period T

10. Fig. 13-25, p. 457

11. Fig. 13-29, p. 461

12. Fig. 13-30, p. 462

13. Fig. 13-30a, p. 462

14. Fig. 13-30b, p. 462

15. Fig. 13-30c, p. 462

16. Fig. 13-31, p. 462

17. Fig. 13-24, p. 457

18. Fig. 13-32, p. 462

19. Fig. 13-33, p. 462

20. Fig. 13-34, p. 462

21. Fig. 13-35, p. 463

22. Fig. 13-35ab, p. 463

23. Fig. 13-35cd, p. 463

24. Fig. 13-30b, p. 462 Parts of a wave: Wavelength λ Amplitude Characteristics of a wave: Frequency Period (T)

25. Interference of Waves Two traveling waves can meet and pass through each other without being destroyed or even altered Waves obey the Superposition Principle –When two or more traveling waves encounter each other while moving through a medium, the resulting wave is found by adding together the displacements of the individual waves point by point –Actually only true for waves with small amplitudes Section 13.10

26. Constructive Interference Two waves, a and b, have the same frequency and amplitude –Are in phase The combined wave, c, has the same frequency and a greater amplitude Section 13.10

27. Constructive Interference in a String Two pulses are traveling in opposite directions The net displacement when they overlap is the sum of the displacements of the pulses Note that the pulses are unchanged after the interference Section 13.10

28. Destructive Interference Two waves, a and b, have the same amplitude and frequency One wave is inverted relative to the other They are 180° out of phase When they combine, the waveforms cancel Section 13.10

29. Destructive Interference in a String Two pulses are traveling in opposite directions The net displacement when they overlap is decreased since the displacements of the pulses subtract Note that the pulses are unchanged after the interference Section 13.10

30. Reflection of Waves – Fixed End Whenever a traveling wave reaches a boundary, some or all of the wave is reflected When it is reflected from a fixed end, the wave is inverted The shape remains the same Section 13.11

31. Reflected Wave – Free End When a traveling wave reaches a boundary, all or part of it is reflected When reflected from a free end, the pulse is not inverted Section 13.11