1. Objective 1.04 – Apply safety procedures in the laboratory and in field studies:
Recognize and avoid potential hazards
Safely manipulate materials and equipment needed for scientific investigations

2. Preventing Accidents Stop to think!
Accidents in the science lab, as in the home or work place, can be prevented:
Stop to think!
Common sense will help, if exercised
What will be the consequences of what I do next?
If in doubt, ask the teacher.

3. Eye Protection
Correct!
Safety goggles should be worn when using chemicals or when pointed objects or tools are being used.
Safety goggles can be used by more than one person if sterilized between uses. Goggle sanitizers are used for this purpose.
Not Acceptable!!

4. Proper Attire Avoid floppy garments; avoid things that dangle
These get tangled up in equipment or glassware and cause accidents
Avoid long, loose hair styles for the same reason.
When Bunsen burners are in use, long hair sometimes catches on fire
It is not safe to wear open footwear, so avoid sandals and flip flops on lab days.

5. Safety With Heat Sources
Never touch a hot surface like a hot plate or boiling water in your classroom.
If something is heating, be mindful of cords on the lab bench.

6. Using Dangerous Materials
Use only alcohol thermometers – these are red/green and not metallic.
Never taste or put anything in your mouth in the science lab.
Notify a teacher immediately in the case of a liquid spill.

7. Broken Glass Tell the teacher!
Sweep it up right away - Don’t track in it all period
Place the broken glass in a SHARP’S CONTAINER – never in the regular trash can.

8. How to Properly Smell a Chemical
Never place your nose directly above an unknown substance.
Gently wave your hand above the open container up toward your nose to waft the odor toward you.

9. Never Eat or Drink in the Science Lab!
A good practice is to assume everything in the lab is toxic.
DO NOT drink from lab equipment.
NOT EVEN distilled water.
You do not know what another person might have added to the "distilled water" jug.

10. Horseplay
In a laboratory setting, horseplay, even if good-natured, is absolutely unacceptable.
No pushing!
No shoving!

11. Science Lab Safety Features
Fire
Extinguisher

12. Fire Blanket

13. Eye Wash Station

14. Fume Hood

15. Lab Safety Symbols
Flammable materials

16. Lab Safety Symbols
Electricity in Use

17. Lab Safety Symbols
Fumes

18. Lab Safety Symbols
Corrosive materials

19. Lab Safety Symbols
Sharp materials

20. Lab Safety Symbols
Poisonous materials

21. Lab Safety Symbols
Wear Goggles

22. Lab Safety Symbols
Live Animals in Use

23. Warmup
List the steps of the scientific method.

24. Measuring & Graphing

25. A Scientist’s Equipment
Beaker
Test Tube

26. A Scientist’s Equipment
Funnel
Pipet

27. A Scientist’s Equipment
Erlenmeyer Flask
Graduated Cylinder

28. A Scientist’s Equipment
Triple Beam Balance
Thermometer

29. Measuring Mass
133.3 g

30. Measuring Mass
150.5 g
120.5 g

31. Measuring Distance
Use the small side of the ruler to measure cm (eventhough it says mm)!
4.7 cm

32. Measuring Volume
14 mL

33. Measuring Volume

34. Graphs There are 3 kinds of scientific graphs: Bar Graphs Line Graphs
Used for comparison
Line Graphs
Used to show continuing data
Pie Charts (Circle Graphs)
Used to show parts of a whole

35. Bar Graphs What is the average number of seeds planted?
What is the range of the data?
Three-fourths of the seeds planted on Thursday were watermelon seeds. How many of the seeds planted on Thursday were not watermelon seeds?
Number of Seeds Planted

36. Monthly Rainfall in Muddytown
Line Graphs
On which month(s) was there at least 12 inches of rain?
Between which two months was there the greatest decrease in rain?
What is the difference in inches of rain between the month with the most rainfall and the month with the least rainfall?
Monthly Rainfall in Muddytown

37. Pie Charts
List the seasons in order from the season with the fewest votes to the season with the most votes.
What is the most popular season? A
   
Fall  37% B
Summer  21% C
Spring  23% D
Winter  19%

38. Warmup
If you don’t know what to do before conducting an experiment, what should you do?
Your behavior in class and during lab activities dictates if you can…

39. The Scientific Method

40. Observations
Scientific thinking usually begins with observation, the process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way.
Observation involves using the senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell.

41. Making Observations
Take a minute to write down as many observations about the picture as you can.

42. Data The information gathered from observations is called data.
There are two kinds of data:
Quantitative data ~ numbers from counting or measuring
Qualitative ~ descriptions
Which kind of data did you collect about the picture?

43. Inferences Data can be used to make inferences.
An inference is a logical explanation based on prior knowledge or experience.
Scientists try to explain events in the natural world by interpreting evidence logically and analytically.

44. Making Inferences
Infer what is happening in the picture.

45. Hypothesis
After initial observations, the researchers will propose one or more hypotheses.
A hypothesis is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations.
Scientists generate hypotheses using prior knowledge and inferences from observations.
Scientific hypotheses must be able to be tested.

46. Setting Up a Controlled Experiment
Testing a hypothesis involves designing an experiment.
The factors in an experiment that can change are called variables.
Examples of variables include: temperature, time & light

47. Controlled Experiments
Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time.
All other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled.
This type of experiment is called a controlled experiment.

48. Variables
The variable that is deliberately changed is called the independent variable (manipulated variable).
The variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable is called the dependent variable (responding variable).

49. Recording and Analyzing Data
Scientists usually keep written records of their observations or data.
Sometimes, drawings record certain kinds of observations more accurately.
Numerical data is usually recorded into a table, and analyzed using graphs.

50. Drawing a Conclusion
Scientists use the data from an experiment to evaluate a hypothesis and draw a valid conclusion.
They use evidence to determine whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected.

51. The Scientific Method Ask a Question Make Observations
Form a Hypothesis
Controlled Experiment
Record and Analyze Data
Draw a Conclusion

52. Reliability
A key assumption in science is that experimental results can be replicated because nature behaves in a consistent manner.
When one particular variable is manipulated in a given set of variables, the result should typically be the same.

53. Squidward’s Symphony
Squidward loves playing his clarinet & believes it attracts more jellyfish than any other instrument he has played. In order to test his hypothesis, Squidward played a song on his clarinet for a total of 5 minutes and counted the # of jellyfish he saw in his front yard. He played the song a total of 3 times on his clarinet and repeated the experiment using a flute and a guitar. He also recorded the number of jellyfish he observed when he was not playing an instrument. The results are shown in the chart.
Trial
No Music
Clarinet
Flute
Guitar 1 5 15 12 2 3 10 8 18 9 7
What is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
What should Squidward’s conclusion be?
Are the results reliable?

54. Inquiry Lab Observations: Questions:
Write down as many observations as you can.
Keep any inferences in a separate column
Questions:
Write down as many questions as you can.

55. Inquiry Lab Choose one of your questions… What is your hypothesis
How would you test it?
What other materials would you need?
What is your procedure?