2. 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments 13 th – Slavery is illegal in the United States 14 th - All persons born in the United States are citizens and guaranteed protection of the laws. 15 th - Rights of citizens to vote shall not be denied by race, color or previous condition of servitude.

3. The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.

4. Alexis deTocqueville was a French political thinker who visited the United States and is best known for his works Democracy in America. Tocqueville saw democracy as an equation that balanced liberty (individualism) and equality (egalitarianism), as well as for the community (populism).

5. John Jay Jay, a proponent of strong, centralized government, worked to ratify the new Constitution in New York in 1788. Wrote the Federalist Papers, along with the main authors Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. 1 st Chief Justice of Supreme Court

6. John Hancock John Hancock Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the Declaration of Independence, which became a symbol of defiance in the colonies

7. Benjamin Rush Signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental Congress. He served as Surgeon General in the Continental army. Favored public universities and educating women Considered the “Father of American Medicine”

8. E Pluribus Unum “Out of many, one.” Why is this motto on the Great Seal of The United States?