1. Chapter 12 Space Exploration

2. Explaining the Early Universe GALAXY A collection of stars, planets, gas and dust held together by gravity. Universe Galaxy – Milky Way Solar System

3. Measuring Distance Distances within our Universe are measured in light years 1 light year = the distance light travels in one year Speed of Light = 300 000 m/s

4. Hubble’s Proposal 1.The Universe is expanding 2. Galaxies are moving away from eachother 3. The further away the Galaxy the faster it is moving

5. Theories of the Origin of the Universe

6. Big Bang Theory Most widely supported theory of the universe’s formation ~13.7 billion years ago there was a massive explosion Very high temperatures ~ 1 billion o C Very Rapid expansion Open Universe – One that will expand forever

7. Oscillating Theory Closed Universe – one that will expand so far and then drawn back by gravitational forces, all the matter will meet again in a “Big Crunch” – This theory states that the universe goes through a series of bangs and crunches in an ungoing cycle – Currently still expanding from the most recent explosion

8. Theories of the Origin of the Solar System

9. Stellar Collision This theory states that our solar system was created by the spin off of colliding stars We do not believe this is the case anymore

10. Nebular Hypothesis A spinning cloud of dust and gas in space is pulled in by gravity and spins faster Most of the material combines in the middle forming a star Most of the rest of the material collects together in chunks forming planets Some debris is left as asteroids, etc. The closer to the sun, the more densely packed the material becomes

11. Universe Components Nebula Cloud of dust and gas in space Birthplace of stars NGC603 (2.7 million light years from earth)

12. Universe Components Spiral Galaxy A galaxy such as our own Milky Way Looks like a pinwheel with long “arms” spiraling out from a centre core Our Solar System is located in one of the arms

13. Universe Compnents Elliptical Galaxy Galaxies with shapes such as a perfect sphere, football or cigar Most galaxies are elliptical (including some of the oldest and largest)

14. Universe Compnents Spiral GalaxyElliptical Galaxy

15. Evolution of Stars Giant Stars Very large, burn fuel quickly and last a short time Will violently collapse in a massive explosion called a supernova after an average of only 7 billion years

16. Evolution of Stars Dwarf Stars Small stars, burn fuel slowly, and last a long time Red dwarfs to white dwarfs and burn out

17. Black Holes Created when a Super Giant star collapses into itself the extraordinary amount of gravitational pull creates a large sphere of material where nothing, including light can escape

18. Quasar When a “supermassive” black hole pulls more and more matter into itself, it develops a surrounding region of extremely high energy called a quasar Quasars are the brightest objects we know of in the universe (mistaken for galaxies) Very old, very far away and poorly understood

19. The Future of Space Exploration