1. Issues Raised by the Design of the LHC Beam Dump Entrance Window Ray Veness / CERN With thanks to B.Goddard and A.Presland

2. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Introduction o Window vs. Absorber o This talk is about a window, not a collimator, so the objective is to pass the beam rather than intercept it o However, o Design requires a good knowledge of the interaction between the beam and materials o Requirements for materials are very similar (low CTE, low Z, good high temperature strength) o Test and analysis requirements may yield some ‘symbiosis’ o Aim of talk o Explain the LHC dump entrance window design, stressing similarities and differences to collimators and absorbers o Discuss some open issues, which may (hopefully) have already been addressed in collimator or absorber design

3. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Contents o Beam dump entrance window design o Overview o Concept o Analysis o Issues o Energy in the system o Properties of carbon-carbon composite o Final remarks

4. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Overview of beam dump system Courtesy of B.Goddard

5. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Window functionality o Separate graphite dump core (TDE) from the dump line (TD) and LHC vacuum o TDE kept at 1.2 – 1.4 bar N 2 pressure o TD line kept at 10 -7 mbar pressure o Must withstand 1.4 bar static pressure load o Must withstand repeated (2-4 per day) normal dump beam load for LHC lifetime o 600 mm clear beam aperture o Must not fail catastrophically for worst case beam dump dilution failure (ie, can leak, but not collapse)

6. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Entrance Window Concept o Separate Vacuum and Mechanical requirements o 15mm thick C-C sheet for structure o Thin metal foil for leak tightness o Foil supported by, but free to move over the C-C CC foil N2N2 vacuum

7. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Window Design - FLUKA Nominal sweepVertical Kicker FailureTotal Kicker Failure Temperature maps on the C-C window for nominal beam sweep and kicker failure scenario cases Data courtesy of A.Presland

8. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Window Design - Mechanics o Main design issues (as with collimators) o Very rapid temperature rise, with high peak value o Localised temperature step o Axisymmetric thin window allows some simplifications o Thin plate – can plane stress analysis for initial analysis o Relatively small variation of through-thickness temperature – can neglect in some analyses o Static mechanical loads o Pressure loads can be calculated analytically and superposed Detail of transverse temperature profile for total kicker failure case in C-C plate

9. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Design – Thermo-elastic analysis o Analysis o Used bulk properties of C-C o Combination of low transverse CTE and low E give moderate stresses o Static FE analysis, with temperature profiles from FLUKA o Compares well with ‘ideal temperature step’ stress, E  T o Estimated the effect of dynamic stress based on semi-analytical solution for a thin disc from Sievers [1] o Compares heating time with time taken for stress wave to pass the heated zone o Only a small (few %) dynamic stress contribution predicted by this method o Therefore decided not to proceed to full finite element dynamic analysis o Did not consider out-of-plane modes [1] P.Sievers, “Elastic stress waves in matter due to rapid heating by an intense high-energy particle beam” CERN LAB II/BT/74-2 (1974) Summary of FLUKA (temperature) and ANSYS (von Mises stress) results for the different load cases Is this justified??

10. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Window installed in dump line 600mm

11. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Issues – Energy Deposition o Some numbers o 362 MJ passes through window per nominal beam dumped o 662 J absorbed in window (from FLUKA) – 0.00018% o 662 J is equivalent to a 10g bullet travelling at 360 ms -1 o The effect of this absorbed energy o Steady-state temperature rise in the window of 0.12  C o The C-C sees 37 times less thermo-elastic stress than stainless steel for the same temperature profile o Concerns o A vast amount of energy passes through the window o Concequences of calculation errors are great o Only a minute fraction is absorbed by the window, due to the very low Z of the C-C material o Reliant on FLUKA output o This energy causes very little stress, due to the very low CTE of the C-C material o Reliant on material properties

12. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Issue – C-C properties o Window design uses a composite material that is relatively poorly qualified in an extreme environment (for the total failure case) o Transverse ΔT of up to 500ºC/mm in C-C during total kicker failure case o Considering a fibre diameter of 15  m and a volume fraction 0.5, this gives a worst-case ΔT of 15  C between individual fibres o Are bulk material properties valid? o What is the shear stress due to differential thermal expansion between fibre and matrix o Is significant damage at the fibre-matrix level possible? Detail of temperature profile for total kicker failure case in C-C plate

13. WS on Materials for Collimators and Absorbers Dump Window Issues- R.Veness Final Remarks o Entrance window design o There are many similarities to collimator designs, but the analysis is made simpler by the axi-symmetric, thin plate geometry o The energy passing through the window is very high – it is important that the assumptions are correct o The design is robust for nominal conditions, but the failure scenarios raise questions about the use of bulk material properties for the composite o Future work o The dynamic stress analysis should be re-visited o Out of plane vibrations o What is the best code to use? o Diagnostic methods for monitoring the state of the window, eg the acoustic method presented yesterday? o A window is potentially a good method for testing materials and qualifying codes o The 2-D geometry is simpler to model – verification of FE results? o It may be possible to insert windows ‘parasitically’ in fixed target lines or dump lines