1. Cellular Respiration Making ATP

2. Cellular Respiration Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP Photosynthesis captures the energy of light and traps it in sugars In Cell Respiration the energy in a sugar is used to make ATP

3. The two most important equations you will ever have to know (at least while your in this class)

4. Cell Respiration Preview

5. Occurs with or without oxygen Anaerobic Respiration (O 2 absent) 1. Glycolysis 2. Fermentation Aerobic Respiration (O 2 present) 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s Cycle 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation  Electron Transport Chain  Chemiosmosis

6. Reduction / Oxidation

7. Glycolysis The breaking apart of a monosaccharide (sugar) to form two 3-carbon molecules known as pyruvate. 2 ATP are formed and an energy rich electron is donated to NAD +. Reactants = 6-carbon sugar (glucose) 2 ATP 2 NAD + Products = 2 x 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate) 4 ATP 2 NADH

8. Glycolysis 4 steps…  Phosphorylation 2 ATP donate phosphate groups to sugar  Lysis 6-C(arbon) sugar is broken into 2 3-C compounds called pyruvate  Redox (reduction/oxidation) Electrons are released and accepted by NAD+ to form NADH  ATP Formation ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation

9. Phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group, requires ATP Lysis: sugar split in half Oxidation: loss of electron, accepted by NAD+, becomes NADH ATP formation: ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation

10. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

12. The Link Reaction Before pyruvate can enter Kreb’s cycle it must be converted to acetyl- CoA  Redox (reduction/oxidation) High energy e - donated from pyruvate to NAD+  Decarboxylation The removal of carbon

13. The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)  Location: mitochondrial matrix  Purpose: remove high energy e - from organic molecules

14. Kreb’s Cycle  Requires: 8 different enzymes 1 acetyl-CoA (2 c) 3 NAD+ 1 FADH 1 Oxaloacetate (4-c) 1 ADP  Produces 1 Oxaloacetate 3 NADH 1 FADH 2 1 ATP 2 CO 2

16. Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain  A series of proteins embedded in the inner-membrane of the mitochondria  Uses energy from electrons to pump protons into inter- membrane space Chemiosmosis  Utilizes proton gradient set up by ETC  Requires ATP synthase  Couples proton diffusion with synthesis of ATP

17. Electron Transport Chain  Electron carriers (NADH & FADH 2 ) donate electrons to protein in membrane  Electrons are passed down protein chain  When electron is passed it loses energy  Loss of energy is used to pump protons from matrix to inter-membrane space  The final destination for the electron is O 2  O 2 + 4e - + 4H + = 2 H 2 O

21. Chemiosmosis

22. ATP Synthase

23. Anaerobic Respiration Making energy without oxygen

24. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation  Occurs after glycolysis when oxygen is absent  In yeast pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO 2  In humans lactic acid is produced  Functions to recycle NAD+, which is required for glycolysis

25.  ATP is produce by glycolysis  NADH must be recycled to accept more electrons  Pyruvate accepts e- from NADH, thus recycling NAD+