1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS and RESPIRATION

2. Photosynthesis: STORING energy from the sun in molecules of glucosePhotosynthesis: STORING energy from the sun in molecules of glucose Respiration: RELEASING energy from glucose for your body to useRespiration: RELEASING energy from glucose for your body to use Photosynthesis and Respiration

3. Energy and Living Things Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into the chemical energy of glucose Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into the chemical energy of glucose Autotrophs/Producers (plants and some bacteria) use the sun’s energy to carry out photosynthesis, and are the basis of every food chain Autotrophs/Producers (plants and some bacteria) use the sun’s energy to carry out photosynthesis, and are the basis of every food chain

4. SECTION 1 Photosynthesis

6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS oxygen (waste) food for plant (glucose) Water from the Soil CO2 from the air The Sun

7. Breaking Down Food For Energy Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds. Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds. Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms as food to get their energy. Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms as food to get their energy.

8. Chemical Reaction of Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O + glucose + O 2 Energy from sun stored here !! Chlorophyll

9. Chloroplast O2O2O2O2 Glucose CO 2 H2OH2OH2OH2O Reactions of Photosynthesis

10. Photosynthesis Pigments are light-absorbing substances that absorb only certain wavelengths of light and reflect all others. Pigments are light-absorbing substances that absorb only certain wavelengths of light and reflect all others. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light. This reflection of green and yellow light makes many plants, especially their leaves, look green. This reflection of green and yellow light makes many plants, especially their leaves, look green.

11. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and uses the pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts and uses the pigment chlorophyll.

12. Photosynthesis The following chemical equation summarizes photosynthesis: The following chemical equation summarizes photosynthesis: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 REACTANTS: water, carbon dioxide, light energy REACTANTS: water, carbon dioxide, light energy PRODUCTS: glucose, oxygen PRODUCTS: glucose, oxygen

13. SECTION 2 Cellular Respiration

14. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Before energy from food can be utilized, it must be transferred to ATP in a process called cellular respiration. Before energy from food can be utilized, it must be transferred to ATP in a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process of using the energy of food, mainly glucose, to recharge ADP back to ATP for your cells to use Cellular respiration is the process of using the energy of food, mainly glucose, to recharge ADP back to ATP for your cells to use Simply stated, cellular respiration is the process where cells recharge ATP Simply stated, cellular respiration is the process where cells recharge ATP

15. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. The reactants of photosynthesis – CO2 and H2O - are the products of cellular respiration. The reactants of photosynthesis – CO2 and H2O - are the products of cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis – glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 – are the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of photosynthesis – glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 – are the reactants of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration releases much of the energy in food to make ATP. Cellular respiration releases much of the energy in food to make ATP.

16. Mitochondria O2O2O2O2 Glucose CO 2 H2OH2OH2OH2O Reactions of Respiration

17. AerobicCellular Respiration The chemical formula for cellular respiration is: C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 + 36 ADP+36 P  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O+ 36 ATP REACTANTS: glucose, oxygen, ADP, extra phosphate REACTANTS: glucose, oxygen, ADP, extra phosphate PRODUCTS: carbon dioxide, water, ATP PRODUCTS: carbon dioxide, water, ATP The process summarized by the equation begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the mitochondria. The process summarized by the equation begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the mitochondria.

18. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) Occurs in the Absence of Oxygen If oxygen (O 2 ) is not present in sufficient amounts, the mitochondria shuts down If oxygen (O 2 ) is not present in sufficient amounts, the mitochondria shuts down With mitochondria shut down, ATP can only be made in SMALL amounts With mitochondria shut down, ATP can only be made in SMALL amounts So, what does the cell do to continue to break down organic compounds and release energy if not enough oxygen is present? So, what does the cell do to continue to break down organic compounds and release energy if not enough oxygen is present?

19. Fermentation: Occurs in the Absence of Oxygen Fermentation is the anaerobic process that occurs when the mitochondria shuts down due to lack of O 2. Fermentation is the anaerobic process that occurs when the mitochondria shuts down due to lack of O 2. There are two types of fermentation: 1.) lactic acid fermentation and 2.) alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid and/or ethanol (alcohol) are the toxic substances produced when glucose is broken down Lactic acid and/or ethanol (alcohol) are the toxic substances produced when glucose is broken down

20. Lactic Acid Fermentation  In humans, lactic acid fermentation occurs when oxygen is absent and the mitochondria shut down  Lactic acid production allows 2 ATPs to be made from each glucose - not the 36 ATP that are produced during aerobic respiration  Lactic acid builds up in the muscles, causing them to “burn” and be in pain later

21. Alcoholic Fermentation  In yeast, ethanol is produced when oxygen is not present and the mitochondria shut down  Alcoholic fermentation allows 2 ATPs to be made from each glucose - not the 36 ATP that are produced during aerobic respiration  Carbon dioxide gas released by the yeast is what causes the rising of bread dough and the carbonation of some alcoholic beverages.

22. Alcoholic Fermentation  Alcoholic fermentation by yeast can be used to produce food and beverages such as yogurt, cheese, beer, and wine.

23. Production of ATP  The total amount of ATP a cell is able to harvest from each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis depends on the presence or absence of oxygen.  When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs.  When oxygen is not present, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation, occurs instead.

24. End Section

25. Cells Transfer Energy From Food To ATP When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy is released into the atmosphere as heat, while the rest is stored temporarily in molecules of ATP. When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy is released into the atmosphere as heat, while the rest is stored temporarily in molecules of ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups. ATP molecules are often called the “energy currency” of a cell. ATP molecules are often called the “energy currency” of a cell.

27. RED = ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) BLUE = adenine (a nitrogenous base) GREEN = phosphate groups Adenosine Triphosphate

28. ATP Stores and Releases Energy The energy from ATP is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are broken. The energy from ATP is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are broken. The removal of a phosphate group from ATP (3 phosphates) produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate -- 2 phosphates), which releases energy in a way that enables cells to use the energy. The removal of a phosphate group from ATP (3 phosphates) produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate -- 2 phosphates), which releases energy in a way that enables cells to use the energy. Cells use energy released by this reaction to power metabolism. Cells use energy released by this reaction to power metabolism.

29. ATP FYI: ATP FYI: The human body uses about 1 million molecules of ATP per second per cell. The human body uses about 1 million molecules of ATP per second per cell. There are more than 100 trillion cells in the human body. There are more than 100 trillion cells in the human body. That is about 1 X 10 20, or 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 ATP molecules used in the body each second. That is about 1 X 10 20, or 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 ATP molecules used in the body each second.

30. Cellular respiration can be aerobic respiration (with oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (without oxygen). Cellular respiration can be aerobic respiration (with oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (without oxygen). Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm, and ends in the mitochondria. Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm, and ends in the mitochondria. Cellular respiration takes place in the two stages of glycolysis, then aerobic respiration. Cellular respiration takes place in the two stages of glycolysis, then aerobic respiration.