1. Review Diagrams, Graphs, and Data Tables For EOC Biology: Molecular and Cellular Biology

2. What might happen in an experiment to convince a researcher to recycle step 8 back to step 2? What precautions should be taken when using the internet for research (step 3)? What are the 2 basic types of variables (+ the controls, of course) that must be determined before beginning experimentation? What is an effective method for displaying data before attempting to analyze results?

4. Within the water molecule the 2- hydrogen to oxygen- bonds are polar covalent; however, between water molecules, the bonds are hydrogen bonds. From these bonds emerge the special properties of water…. Can you list 4 EMERGENT PROPERTIES…and for each how that property contributes to the success of life forms and Earth’s environment ?

5. What would happen to fresh water ponds if ice were more dense than water?

6. What are the variables represented here – ‘X’ and ‘Y’? Examine the data and make a general statement relating the variables to each other.

7. Below see salt (solute) dissolving in water (solvent). How does the orientation of the water molecules differ for each NaCl component?

8. How much more acidic is a pH of 3 than a pH of 5? Write the concentration of H ions for a pH of 6?

9. Examine the graph and comment on the energy of reactants versus products. Examine for the difference in Activation Energy required by the two reactions- catalyzed and uncatalyzed.

10. Optimum pH for amylase activity is ? Optimum pH for pepsin activity is ? Predict activity for amylase at pH 3?

11. Which enzyme is active at the highest temperature? Which enzymes are most alike in reactivity? Why can you say this?

12. This is a phospholipid molecule. Which area is hydrophilic? In terms of its role in the cell membrane, which area would be found inside the membrane? Which area would face the inside of the cell? facing outside of the cell membrane?

13. Which is involved in genetic storage and information transfer? Which is a reactant of cellular respiration? Which molecule resembles a component of ADP/ATP? Which molecule contains the 4 major atoms found in protein?..

14. One important piece of information can be determined from this chart, but it is very difficult to see. Test your knowledge of what elements make up the monomers of these four macromolecules. For example, glucose, a simple sugar, is composed of C, H, and O. For each remaining monomer, determine the elements. This information is useful for comparisons when identifying.

15. Compare the 2 microscopes as to: 1) can living cells be observed? 2) which can provide the greater magnification? 3)which can reveal the greater detail of the specimen? 4) what are the 2 basic types of the electron microscope-Hint…think, specimens can be thin sections or entire specimens? How else can you compare them? Are there any other interesting microscopes?

16. Just what distinguishes eukaryotic cells from the prokaryotes? What distinguishes the eukaryotic plant cell from the animal cell?

17. Can you state the cell theory? Think about it…Cells are ? And make up ? And cells come from ? What researchers contributed discoveries about cells?

18. To which of these forms of transport is FACILITATED DIFFUSION most closely related. Why? Which of these processes is movement WITH the concentration gradient (higher to lower)? Which of these processes is movement AGAINST the concentration gradient?

19. For each label, explain how you determined the description you assigned the cell. To what advantage is this condition of the plant cell?

20. Relative size differences are illustrated; however, what other cellular features are different?

21. Go to www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/06%20Transport/00%20Transport--WHOLE.htm This site provides a great simulation on transport through the cell membrane. Can you point out the PHOSPHOLIPID in the diagram? Can you identify the polar and non-polar areas of the cell membrane?www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/06%20Transport/00%20Transport--WHOLE.htm

22. This is a monomer of a very important molecule. What is this monomer; what may happen to a protein if this molecule is deleted, inserted, or substituted during replication?

23. Examine this molecule for clues as to its identity… How would an RNA molecule differ from this molecule?

24. Analyze this data for the relationship between the molecules of A,T,G and C? What did you find? The researcher Chargaff originally examined data like this.

25. During which phase of Mitosis would this doubled chromosome consisting of 2 sister chromatids have been formed? What will attach to this doubled chromosome at the region of the centromere?

26. Why must this process be done perfectly?

27. Relate the terms code, codons, and anticodons to their symbols in this diagram?

28. Analyze what has happened in this mutation: to the codon? To the amino acid? Speculate as to the result?

29. Where and what happens in Transcription? Where and what happens in Translation?

30. Write the 3 RNA codons to STOP translation (synthesis of a protein strand).

31. How many chromosomes are shown in Metaphase? How many chromatids are shown in Metaphase? How many chromosomes are shown in each Telophase cell? What type of cell and what process is illustrated here?

32. When would duplicate cell organelles appear? When would spindle microtubules appear? When would the introduction of a mutagen cause the greatest effect?

33. Count down to identify: Where does the result of crossing-over appear? What is the ultimate effect of X-over for this species? Where are tetrads visible? What term is used to describe a cell at position 6 in regard to purpose? In terms of chromosome number?

34. Just what is meant by the term haploid? Diploid? Which process often results in variations that can result in evolutionary change?

35. Which process..1) produces gametes prior to fertilization in animals?, 2) produces skin cells to heal a scraped knee?, 3) is the primary reproductive process for single celled organisms?

36. The independent variable is ? The dependent variable is ? Speculate as to what happens at 38 degrees Celsius? What is the optimum range for photosynthesis in this experiment?

37. What would be the result of coating the upper epidermis of a living leaf with a greasy substance? What would be the result of coating the lower epidermis of a living leaf with a greasy substance? When are these structures most likely to be in the position on the left? What purpose do these structures serve in the leaf?

38. Can you identify the reactants and products in each process? How are the reactants and products of these processes related?

39. Write a statement summarizing the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in this experiment and for the concentration of the carbonate containing chemical that contributes carbon dioxide to the reaction environment.

40. Which molecule is produced as a result of anaerobic respiration? As a result of aerobic respiration? Which molecule is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis? Which molecule is required for active transport across the cell membrane? Which molecule is recycled back to the mitochondria from muscle activity?

41. The aerobic phase of cellular respiration takes place within the mitochondria, but where does glycolysis occur? Can you identify an organism that utilizes alcoholic fermentation for ATP production?

42. Use the diagram to compute the relative ATP production by glycolysis and the electron transport chain. Take a deep breath. Just where is that oxygen going to be used? What by-product of respiration will be the result? Aerobic Cellular Respiration

43. In a human cell carrying on normal metabolic processes, sequence these two processes (mention their locations in the cell). Which process can occur (without the other) for a small period of time in a human cell?