1. Raster Data Model

2. How to Represent Point Features in Raster Data Models

3. How to Represent Line Features in Raster Data Models

4. How to Represent Polygon Features in Raster Data Model

5. Raster Data Models For Raster Model there are ◦Array of pixels (each pixel representing a specific value) ◦A matrix consisting of rows and columns with each grid or pixel representing a specific value

6. Raster Data Model Raster data is an abstraction of the real world where spatial data is expressed as a matrix of cells or pixels with spatial position implicit in the ordering of the pixels They store each cell in the matrix regardless of whether it is a feature or simply 'empty' space Typically these cells are square and evenly spaced in the x and y directions

7. Raster Data Model - Example

8. Cell Value Cell values can be either positive or negative, integer, or floating point Integer values are best used to represent categorical (discrete) data Floating-point values to represent continuous surfaces Cells can also have a ‘No Data’ value to represent the absence of data

9. Grid Size and Resolution Pixel/cell refers to the smallest unit of information available in an image or raster map Cell dimension specifies the length and width of the cell in surface units, e.g. the cell dimension may be specified as 30 meters on each side volume of data increases as the cell dimension gets smaller Reducing the cell dimension by four causes a sixteen fold increase in the number of cells Smaller cell size provides greater spatial detail

10. Grid Size and Resolution

12. Generic Structure for a Grid

13. Raster Data Model Smaller Cell Size Higher resolution Higher feature spatial accuracy Slower display Slower processing Larger file size 16 m Larger Cell Size Lower resolution Lower feature spatial accuracy Faster display Faster processing Smaller file size 16 m

15. Data Accuracy with Cell Value is correct when variable value is uniform over the raster cell In case of within cell variation then average, central or most common value prevails Mixed Pixel Problem

17. Types of Raster Data Thematic Raster ◦Like a map describes the features and characteristics of an area and their relative position in space ◦Cell values are measured quantity or classification of a particular phenomenon (either integers or real numbers ◦Stored in a single band Image Raster ◦Cell values represent reflected or emitted light/energy ◦Usually in 3 bands ◦Satellite image or scanned photographs

18. Rasters – As Thematic Map By grouping the values of multispectral data into classes (such as vegetation type) and assigns a categorical value

20. Rasters – As Base Map

21. Raster – As Surface Map Rasters provide an effective method of storing the continuity as a surface

22. Rasters – As Attributes of a Feature Rasters used as attributes of a feature may be digital photographs, scanned documents, or scanned drawings related to a geographic object or location

23. Examples of Rasters Digital aerial photographs Imagery from satellites Digital pictures Scanned maps

24. Raster Attribute Table Raster values and other attributes are stored in the Value Attribute Table (VAT) A thematic raster contains at least two items in its VAT ◦Value:  Represents some characteristics being mapped ◦Count:  Number of cells that share the same value

25. Raster Attribute Table

27. Zone and Region Cells with same value makeup ‘Zone’ ◦The size of the zone is defined by the ‘count’ item A set of contiguous cells with the same value is called a ‘Region’

28. Raster Overlay

31. ‘NoData’ Value Represents missing or unknown information When a cell is vacant, it’s assigned ‘NoData’ value ‘NoData’ remain always ‘NoData’ for ESRI rasters unless specifically requested Combining 2 or more ESRI rasters will retain ‘NoData’ values in the outer raster

32. Acquiring Raster Data Satellite Remote Sensing Aerial Imaging USGS Raster sources ◦DOQQ: Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads are rectified scanned aerial photographs ◦DRG: Digital Raster Graphics are scanned USGS topo sheets ◦DEM: Digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of ground surface topography

33. Data Sources Digitizing existing maps Scanning existing maps Digital photogrammetric map production Entry of computed coordinates from field measurements

34. PRODUCTNAMEDATA TYPE DESCRIPTIONSCALE USGS DEM"Digital Elevation Model"Raster gridElevation x,y,z values used for 3 dimensional display and topographic analysis. 1:24,000 1:100,000 1:2,000,000 USGS DOQQ"Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quad" Raster TIFFGeoreferenced digital orthorectified aerial photography 1:12,000 USGS DRG"Digital Raster Graphic"Raster TIFFGeoreferenced digital scans of USGS topo sheets. 1:24,000

35. DEM DOQQ DRG

36. Raster Data – A Simple Data Structure A simple data structure—A matrix of cells with values representing a coordinate and sometimes linked to an attribute table

37. Advantages of Raster Data Formats Can represents different types of continuous surfaces and ability to perform surface analysis Computing/processing is fast Surface data faster to display Overlaying maps is easy Integration of remotely sensed imagery is straightforward Tiling facilitates easy handling of large data Good for accomplishing complex analysis operations through complex raster expressions (A huge variety of complex spatial and advanced statistical analyses are supported) Only solution for some application which can not handled by vector ◦Hydrologic modeling, spread of wild fire, air pollution dispersion etc.

38. Disadvantages of Raster Data Formats Spatial inaccuracies due to the limits imposed by the raster dataset cell dimensions. Very large datasets needs more memory space and more processing time ◦Changing cells to one-half the current size requires as much as four times the storage space There is also a loss of precision

39. Advantages/Disadvantages of Raster and Vector Source: http://www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/GISModule/GIST_Raster.htmhttp://www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/GISModule/GIST_Raster.htm

40. Homework 1 (T) 1. Read Chapter 2 of the Text Book (Bolstad) – (specially the sections covered in class lectures)

41. Conversion Between Raster and Vector Data Models

43. http://web.pdx.edu/~jduh/courses/geog492w09/Week2b.pdf

44. Spatial Data Conversion Vector to Raster or Rasterization Raster to Vector or Vectorization Converted data is less accurate than original data

45. Vector to Raster (V2R) Assign a cell value for each position occupied by vector features

46. Vector to Raster Encoding Methods Center Cell Method ◦The center location of the cell determines the raster value encoded from the vector data Majority of Cell Method ◦The value in the vector dataset that covers the majority of the cells determines the cell value Weighted Cell Method ◦Analyst determines which vector value is most important by weighting the options Percent of cell method ◦Encodes the cell by multiple values based on the percentage of the cell taken up by each feature

47. Vector to Raster Encoding Methods

48. Conversion of Vector Point Feature Represented by a value in a raster cell Assigned to the cell containing the point coordinate Have at least the dimension of the raster cell after conversionProblem: If the cell size is too large, two or more vector points may fall in the same cell To avoid this problem a cell size is chosen having the diagonal dimension smaller than the distance between the two closest point features

49. Conversion of Vector Line Feature Output depends on the input algorithm used Raster cells may be coded using different criteria/rules 1.Assign a value to a cell if a vector line intersects with any part of the cell –Line connections maintained –Wider lines

50. Conversion of Vector Line Feature 2.Assign a cell as occupied by a line only when the cell center is “near” a vector line segment –May lead to discontinuity in lines –Thinner linear features

51. Conversion of Vector Area Feature Boundaries among different polygons are identified as in vector to- raster conversion for lines ◦Assign the cell to the area if more than one half the cell is within the vector polygon OR ◦Assign a raster cell to an area feature if any part of the raster cell is within the area contained within the vector polygon Interior regions are then identified Each cell in the interior region is assigned a given value

52. Raster to Vector (R2V) Point, line, or area features represented by raster cells may be converted to corresponding vector data coordinates and structures The quality and resolution of the raster image are key factors for the quality and accuracy of the vectorized data

53. R2V - Point Feature A single raster cell represents point feature Each vector point feature is assigned the coordinate of the corresponding cell center

54. R2V - Linear Feature Linear features represented in a raster environment may be converted to vector lines Conversion to vector lines typically involves identifying the continuous connected set of grid cells that form the line. Cell centers are typically taken as the locations of vertices along the line Lines may then be “smoothed” using a mathematical algorithm to remove the “stair-step” effect.

55. R2V - Linear Feature

56. R2V - Area Feature Each raster cell is assigned an attribute value Boundaries are set up between different attribute classes A polygon is created by storing x and y coordinates for the points adjacent to the boundaries

57. R2V - Conversion Errors Example: Vector to raster conversion generally involves a loss in precision

58. ArGIS Tools for Conversion Spatial Analyst, ArcScan and ArcToolbox Conversion Tools ◦Raster to polygon conversion ◦Contour Generation ◦Surface Interpolation from point data ◦Etc.

59. Raster Operation in ArcGIS Simple Mathematical Operations

60. Conditional Analysis Conditional Tool: ArcToolbox> Spatial Analysis Tools > Conditional Toolset

61. Extraction Extraction Tool: ArcToolbox> Spatial Analysis Tools > Extraction Toolset ◦Extract by Attribute

62. Extraction ◦Extract by Mask

63. Reclassify To reassign raster values in order to create new values Spatial Analyst > Reclass Toolset

64. Single Output Map Algebra Spatial Analyst > Map Algebra toolset To write single line equations with map algebra expressions Examples:

65. Cell Statistics Tools

66. References Chapter 2 of the text http://mason.gmu.edu/~mvenigal/ David P. Lusch, 1999 Ron Briggs UT Dallas http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/ http://bgis.sanbi.org/GIS primer/page_15.htm http://bgis.sanbi.org/GIS primer/page_15.htm http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9. 2/ http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9. 2/ http://gis.esri.com http://www.satimagingcorp.com/character ization-of-satellite-remote-sensing- systems.html http://www.satimagingcorp.com/character ization-of-satellite-remote-sensing- systems.html