1. Principles of Learning
Chapter 7

2. How do we learn?

3. Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant conditioning
Social learning
Cognitive approach

4. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov’s method of conditioning, in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

5. Who is Ivan Pavlov and why is he important?

6. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov researched
Mental disorders
Aging
Personality types

7. Classical Conditioning
Associations
Worked with digestive system
Used dogs in experiments

8. Classical Conditioning
Important words
Stimulus – anything that elicits a response
Response – a reaction to a stimulus
Ex. Food (S) Salivation (R)

9. Classical Conditioning
Unconditional stimulus – a stimulus that automatically elicits a response, as meat causes salvation
Unconditional response – an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salvation to meat
Ex. Food (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

10. Why did the dogs start salivating when they saw the experimenter?

11. Classical Conditioing
Conditioned stimulus – a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a natural or unconditional stimulus
Conditioned response – a response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning – for example salivating at the word pickle
Ex. Experimenter (NS) Food (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

12. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned stimulus and response leads to
Ex. Experimenter (NS) Food (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
Experimenter (CS) Salivation (CR)

13. What are the steps for classical conditioning?

14. Who is John B. Watson and what is he known for?

15. Emotional Conditioning
John B. Watson
Originally worked with lab rats
Everything learned resulted from stimuli and responses
Deep emotions are the result of associations and learning

16. Emotional Conditioning
Fear Experiment
“Little Albert”
Loud sound (UCS) Fear (UCR)
Association Phase
Rat (NS) Loud Sound (UCS) Fear (UCR)
Results
Rat (CS) Fear (CR)

17. Emotional Conditioning
Stimulus generalization – process in which a response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimulus that resembles the original
Extinction – the gradual loss of an association over time
Spontaneous recovery – the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

18. What is a specific phobia and how does it develop?

19. Emotional Conditioning
Watson Proved
Conditioning of emotions to neutral objects is possible
Conditioned emotion can generalize to other objects that have similar characteristics

20. How can a therapist help rid a person of a specific phobia?

21. What is operant learning?

22. Operant Learning
Conditioning that results from the individual’s actions and the consequences they cause

23. How is it different from classical conditioning?

24. Operant Learning Organism plays role in what happens
Do things based on learned results

25. When you go to a restaurant how do you know what to order?

26. Operant Learning B. F. Skinner
The way we turn out is a result of what we learn from all the operations we make over the years

27. Operant Learning
Reinforcement – something that follows a response and strengthens the tendency to repeat that response

28. Operant Learning
Primary Reinforcement – something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward
Secondary Reinforcement – anything that comes to represent a primary reinforce, such as money

29. Operant Learning
Positive reinforcement – reinforcement that involves strengthening the tendency to repeat response by following it with the addition of something pleasant
Negative reinforcement – reinforcement that involves strengthening a response by following it with the removal of something unpleasant

30. Is a negative reinforcement and a punishment the same?

31. Operant Learning
Punishment – the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences

32. What is generalization, extinction and spontaneous recovery?

33. Operant Learning
Discrimination learning – learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another, the reverse of generalization
Shaping – the process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it
Chaining – reinforcing the connection between parts of a sequence

34. Is it good to reinforce every time the organism gives the desired response?

35. Operant Learning Continuous reinforcement – occurs every time
Schedules for reinforcements – different methods

36. Operant Learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule – not given each time act is performed
Variable Ratio Schedule – Random set number of times
Fixed Ratio Schedule – Set specific number of times
Variable Interval Schedule – Can happen at any time
Fixed Interval Schedule – Occurs after a specific amount of time has passed

37. Are you a robot or are you able to analyze your decisions?

38. Social Learning Social Learning – learning from the behavior of others
Observational learning – a form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others

39. What does the word cognitive mean?

40. Cognitive Psychology and Learning
Cognitive approach – an approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge

41. Cognitive Psychology and Learning
Focuses on how knowledge is obtained, processed and organized

42. Why was this approach idea developed?

43. Cognitive Psychology and Learning
Rewards have different affects
Simple conditioning is not so simple
Knowledge based reasons for phobias

44. Cognitive Psychology and Learning
Latent learning – learning that is not obvious but goes on under the surface
Expectancies – beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward
Reinforcement Value – what its worth to you

45. Cognitive Psychology and Learning
E. C. Tolman
Cognitive Maps a mental image of where one is located in space
Strategies methods for solving problems