1. Mutations

2. Mutation effects Reproductive Cells -mutation in DNA sequence of an egg or sperm cell -mutation is passed on to offspring - possible effects include: production of a new trait, a dysfunctional protein, lethal, or positive effects (evolution)

4. Mutation effects Body Cells - change in the DNA sequence of a body cell (liver cell, skin cell etc) -not passed on to offspring (only affects the individual) -possible effects include: may damage the function of that cell – Ex: a stomach cell that loses the ability to make acid for digestion, when the cell divides, the mutation continues

6. Types of mutation Point mutation =a change in a single base pair in DNA

7. Point mutation effects possibly the wrong amino acid is made so the function of the protein could be messed up

9. Types of mutations Frameshift mutation = a single base is added or deleted from the DNA sequence which causes a shift in the reading of the codons

10. Frameshift mutation effects Possible effects: all amino acids after the addition or deletion are wrong SO much worse!

11. Types of mutations Chromosomal mutation = a change in a chromosome (part is broken off or parts switch places) Examples: – deletion – insertion – inversion – translocation Possible Effects: offspring usually dies; if not the offspring is sterile

13. Causes of mutations Spontaneous- mistakes during base pairing (transcription) Mutagen= any agent that can cause a change in DNA – Ex: 1. Radiation (Xrays, UV light) 2. Chemicals (asbestos, cyanide, formaldehyde) 3. High Temperatures