1. Please take out your Module 46 reading assignment

2. Module 46 Double-check your chart with mine Check your multiple choice 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. E

3. Energy Test Results Multiple Choice A = 31.5 B = 28 C = 24.5- 27.5 D = 21-24 Retakes for scores of 24 and below must be done by next Friday. Short Answer A = 9-10 B = 8-9 C = 7-8 D = 6-7 Retakes for scores of 6.5 and below

4. Energy Test Corrections 1. Re-do FRQ parts that were incorrect 2. For each multiple choice, write the down the major/concept or definition that you missed. These can overlap. 3. These are due next Friday if you don’t finish them today. 4. Done? Move on to book notes on modules 47-48, with multiple choice!

6. Air Pollution Air pollutants come from three sources: Mobile (cars) Stationary (factories) Natural (volcanoes, animals) Due to gravity, pollutants tend to stay near in the troposphere (lowest layer of atmosphere)

7. Primary Air Pollutants Primary pollutants: materials released into the atmosphere in unmodified forms Carbon Oxides (CO and CO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO2) Particulates Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) VOC’s CFC’s Secondary pollutants: materials created when primary pollutants, sun and/or water mix

8. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless, toxic gas formed by incomplete burning of carbon compounds Sources: car exhaust, burning wood, tobacco smoke CO attaches to hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen After several hours of exposure, red blood cells no longer carry oxygen, causing death

9. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Colorless, odorless gas 93% of CO2 in troposphere is from natural carbon cycle; 7% from human activity Burning of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, coal Burning of forests and grasslands Major cause of climate change (rise of atmospheric temperatures since the Industrial Revolution)

10. Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO2) Combustion in factories and car engines give off NO (nitrogen oxide) NO combines with O2 in air to make NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), a reddish brown gas Both nitrogen oxides are major contributors to smog

11. Particulates Particulates = tiny pieces of solid materials floating in atmosphere From burning fossil fuels, building demolition, fires, industrial plants giving off ash Can be carcinogenic (cancer causing), and can prevent lungs from exchanging CO2 and O2 Prolonged exposure is key: asbestos, mining, etc.

12. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs 1/3 comes from natural sulfur cycle 2/3 comes from human activities Burning of coal Refining of crude oil Can cause breathing problems Can form H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) when it combines with water vapor in atmosphere

13. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) Organic compounds that exist as gases in the air Ex: CH4 (methane), C6H6 (benzene) 1/3 from natural causes; 2/3 from human activity Landfills, cows, industrial solvents, car and power plant emissions, tobacco smoke Methane contributes to climate change; Benzene can cause leukemia, blood disorders, and immune system damage

14. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) CFC’s (also called freons) are odorlesss, colorless, and non-toxic Used as coolants in refrigerators, cleaners, propellants for aerosol products Break down into reactive chlorine, flourine, and bromine atoms in the stratosphere, breaking down the ozone layer

15. Visualizing Air Pollution Today: firm up your general knowledge of types and sources of air pollution Next week: look specifically at photochemical smog, acid rain