1. Requirements for Growth & Reproduction 2012
Contraception
Requirements for Growth & Reproduction
2012

2. Methods of contraception take 3 forms:
Preventing fertilisation
Preventing implantation
Terminating a pregnancy
Methods involve either:
Behavioural changes
Physically preventing sperm & ova from meeting
Chemical methods of prevention

3. Abstinence:
35% of schools in the USA promote abstinence programmes rather than information on contraception
88% of teenagers who sign the abstinence pledge still have pre-marital sex, but without knowledge of contraception they have high rates of STIs & pregnancies
USA has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the developed world

7. Withdrawal: Male withdraws before ejaculation No protection from STIs
Sperm may be contained in pre-come
Relies on male control

8. Barrier methods Male condom Female condom Diaphragm Cervical cap
Also STI prevention
Female condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Note: also methods like spermicidal foams or jellies, sponges, rings etc…

9. Condom:

10. Note: always use a water based lubricant (e. g
Note: always use a water based lubricant (e.g. ‘KY jelly’, ‘wetstuff’), as petroleum based products (vaseline, baby oil) break down latex & increase the number of condom breakages

11. Femidon:

12. Dental dam: Latex sheets used to cover the genitals during oral sex
Can be improvised by cutting up a condom or by using gladwrap!

13. Diaphragm:

14. Cervical cap:

15. Intra-uterine devices
IUDs prevent zygotes from implanting into uterus
DON’T prevent fertilisation
Device stays in place for several years

16. IUDs:

17. Surgical methods Vasectomy- vas deferens is cut & ends are tied off
Tubal ligation- fallopian tubes are cut & ends are tied off

18. Vasectomy:

19. Tubal ligation:

20. Chemical methods Synthetic hormones
At present, only available for females
Male contraceptive pills have two issues:
Long time period for spermatogenesis
Emasculating side effects

21. Contraceptive pill: Daily dose of synthetic oestrogen & progesterone
Prevents production of pituitary hormones prevents ovulation & makes cervical mucous hostile
Also used to regulate difficult periods

23. Mini pill: Daily dose of progesterone
Suitable for breast feeding women
Must be taken at exactly the same time each day
Does not prevent ovulation, but makes cervical mucous ‘hostile’

24. Depo-provera: Synthetic hormones which prevent ovulation
Can be taken as an injection every 4 months or an implant placed under the skin

25. Morning after pill:
Can be obtained from a pharmacist without a prescription
Should be taken within 72 hours
Large dose of synthetic hormones
Prevents ovulation and/or implantation
Causes severe nausea

26. RU486: The ‘abortion pill’
Chemically terminates a pregnancy, resulting in a miscarriage at home
Not currently legal in Australia

27. Termination: up to 14 weeks gestation in the ACT