1. Minerals

2. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Matter is anything that takes up space
Matter can be classified as an element, compound, or mixture
An atom is the smallest part of matter

3. Atomic Structure
An atom contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (neutral) in the nucleus
Electrons (negative charge) whirl around the nucleus

4. Elements Elements contain one kind of atom
Elements can not be broken down

5. Compounds
A compound is made of different elements that are bonded together
Compounds can have very different properties that the elements that make them

6. Mixtures
Two or more substances only physically combined

7. Chemical Formula
Symbols for the elements are used to represent compounds
Examples: NaCl table salt
H2O water
CH4 methane

8. That’s the review!!!

9. Minerals
There are more than 2000 minerals with 30 being in abundance on the Earth

11. Minerals Hematite Quartz Halite Galena Pyrite Are naturally occurring
Inorganic solid
They have a definite chemical composition
Crystalline structure
Hematite
Quartz
Halite
Galena
Pyrite

12. Minerals Many minerals come from cooled magma
Most are made of the 8 most common elements in the earth’s crust, oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron being the most abundant
Inorganic means not from a living source
Crystals have a regular repeating pattern

13. Physical Properties of Minerals
Color- each mineral has a characteristic color, some can come in more than one
Luster- the way the mineral reflects light from its surface, can be metallic or non metallic

14. Hardness- the ability to resist being scratched, Moh’s scale used from 1 talc to 10 diamond. Determined by scratching one another.
Streak- the color the mineral writes on a hard surface, each mineral has one color

15. Density- the amount of matter in a given space, this never changes
Crystal shape- the way the atoms come together. There are 6 basic shapes: cubic, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, tetragonal, and triclinic.

16. Cleavage – a mineral splits along a smooth, definite, surface
Fracture- a mineral splits along a rough, jagged surface

17. Special Properties Magnetite is magnetic
Fluorite glows in ultraviolet light
Halite tastes salty
Sulfur stinks like rotten eggs
Calcite fizzes when it comes in contact with an acid
Uraninite is radioactive

18. Minerals come from:
Minerals can form from the cooling of magma, while the rate at which the magma cools determines the size of the mineral crystals. If the magma cools slowly within Earth's heated interior, the atoms have time to arrange themselves into large crystals. if the magma reaches Earth's surface, comes in contact with air or water, and cools quickly, the atoms don't have time to arrange themselves into large crystals. Thus, small crystals form from rapidly cooling magma and large crystals form from slowly cooling magma.

19. If a solution becomes supersaturated with a substance, mineral crystals may begin to precipitate, or drop out of solution. Minerals can also form when elements dissolve in a supersaturated solution. When liquid evaporates from the solution, the elements remain behind and may begin to arrange into crystals.

20. Three kinds of minerals:
Silicates- oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in Earth's crust, followed by silicon (Si). these contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more other element
Carbonates- minerals composed of one or more metallic element with the carbonate compound CO3.
Oxides are compounds of oxygen and a metal

21. Mineral Uses
Ores- describes minerals from which metals/nonmetals can be removed through smelting in usable amounts
Metals- shiny and can conduct heat and electricity
Nonmetals- dull and poor conductors of heat and electricity

22. Name of mineral/ore Use(s)
Quartz (mineral) Glass, watches
Feldspar (mineral) Toothpaste
Calcite (mineral) Neutralizing acids
Mica (mineral) Lampshades, insulation
Pyrite (ore) Iron ore
Magnetite (ore) Iron ore
Hematite (ore) Iron ore
Galena (ore) Lead
Graphite (ore) Lubricant
Sulfur (ore) Rubber, medicines
Bauxite (ore) Aluminum

23. Gemstones
Gemstones are hard beautiful stones that are used for jewelry, diamonds, rubies, and emeralds
Semi-precious stones- amethyst, zircons, turquoise
Amber- from fossilized tree sap
Pearls- from oysters or mussels