1. Air Masses and Fronts

2. Air Mass A large body of air in which there are similar horizontal temperature and moisture properties. Properties are largely acquired from the underlying surface

3. Air Mass Air mass over cold ground Cold and dry Air mass over water More moist How does water temp affect moisture?

4. Air Mass Classification Air masses are classified according to their temperature and moisture characteristics –“continental” = dry (c) –“maritime” = wet (m) –“polar” = cold (p) –“tropical” = warm (t) –“arctic” = frigid (a) These are combined to create categories

5. Air mass classification mT = maritime tropical –warm/moist; originate over tropical oceans cT = continental tropical –warm/dry; originate over areas like SW U.S. mP = maritime polar –cold/moist; originate over polar oceans cP = continental polar –cold/dry; originate over interior continents in winter cA = continental arctic –frigid/dry; form at very high latitudes

7. Source Regions Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

8. Fronts “Boundary between different air masses” Types of fronts –Cold –Warm –Stationary –Occluded

9. Maritime Polar (mP) Forms over the oceans at high latitudes Moist Cold Can contribute to significant snowfall events in mid-Atlantic Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

10. Continental Polar (cP) Forms over the northern continental interior (e.g., Canada, Alaska) Long, clear nights allows for substantial radiational cooling (stability?) Assisted by snowpack Dry Cold Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

11. Arctic (A,cA) Similar to cP, but forms over very high latitudes (arctic circle) Dry Extremely cold Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

12. Continental Tropical (cT) Forms over southwest U.S. & Northern Mexico Source region includes west Texas Dry Warm Limited water bodies and vegetation limits effect of evaporation and transpiration Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

13. Maritime Tropical (mT) Forms over Gulf of Mexico as well as subtropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Moist Warm Figure from apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130

14. Air Mass Modification Air masses can be modified once they leave their source region. Temperature & moisture content can increase or decrease So how are air masses modified?

15. Air Mass Modification Figure from ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu 1. Move over warmer or colder ground

16. Air Mass Modification Figure from ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu 2. Move over a large body of water Fig. 9-12, p. 264

17. Box 9-2, p. 263 Example: Lake Effect Snow

18. Air Mass Modification Figure from www.usatoday.com/weather/wdnslope.htm 3. Move over a mountain range

19. Air Mass Modification Stability of the air mass can also modified

20. Fronts Air masses move from source region through advection Air masses do not readily mix together Front – A boundary between two different air masses Can be hundreds of miles long

24. Types of Fronts Cold Front Warm Front Stationary Front Occluded Front

25. Cold Front Cold air advances, replaces warm air at the surface Change in wind direction/speed Minimum in atmospheric pressure Fig. 9-14, p. 266

26. Cold Front Cross Section A front is a 3-D boundary Front slopes back over the cold air mass Warm, less dense air is lifted Clouds/precipitation associated with a front depend on stability and moisture Sharp vertical motion at cold front can force thunderstorm activity Fig. 9-15, p. 266

27. Fig. 9-16, p. 267

28. Slope of a Front Depends on temperature and wind differences between the two air masses Shallow vs. steep slope

29. Warm Front Warm air advances Replaces the cold air at the surface Change in wind direction/speed Fig. 9-17, p. 268

30. Warm Front Cross Section Front slopes back over the cold air mass Slope is more gentle than with a cold front (less thunderstorm activity) Warm, less dense air lifted over the cold air (called overrunning) Clouds/precipitation depend on moisture and stability, usually follow a set progression with an increase in altitude Responsible for a lot of hazardous winter weather Fig. 9-18, p. 269

31. Fig. 9-19, p. 270

32. Stationary Front Air masses at surface do not move, so the front is stationary Overrunning still occurring, so we often still see cloudiness Figure from ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu

33. Occluded Front Separates cool air from relatively colder air at the surface Sometimes thought of as the “cold front catching up to warm front” The warm air mass is found above the ground Two types: –Cold-type occluded front –Warm-type occluded front Figure from ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu

34. Development of Occluded Front Figures from ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu

35. Cross Section of Occluded Front Fig. 9-20, p. 271

36. Occluded Front

37. Dryline Dry air (lower dewpoint temperatures) found to west, moist air (higher dewpoint temperatures) found to east Temperature change is rather limited across the boundary Common in the southern plains during the spring It is a convergence line for wind at the surface, and is therefore responsible for initiating many of our tornadic thunderstorms in the south Plains Motion is tied strongly to insolation, and typically exhibits a diurnal “sloshing” motion (moving eastward during the day, westward at night)

38. Fig. 9-21, p. 272

39. Air Masses with the Dryline www.geog.umn.edu/faculty/klink/geog1425/images/front/dryline_airmass.jpg

40. Surface Dew Points

41. Animation Satellite WTM

43. Fronts “Boundary between different air masses” Types of fronts –Cold –Warm –Stationary –Occluded

46. Look for sharp changes in: a) temperature b) dew point c) wind direction d) pressure and e) cloud/precipitation patterns. Identification of Fronts on a Weather Map

47. Cold Fronts Divides cold/dry air (usually a cP air mass) from a warm/moist air mass (mT) Cold air is advancing on the warm air Cold air is denser, pushes warm air up and over May result in heavy localized precipitation ahead of the front Usually trails down and to the south of a mid- latitude cyclone

48. Cold Front Transition Cirriform clouds spread ahead of front Most precipitation and deep clouds form ahead of front Warm air rises in a steep fashion over intruding cold air

49. cP Air mass mT airmass

51. Where’s the Cold Front?

52. Warm Fronts Boundary between warm/moist air (mT) and cool/moist or dry air (cP or mP) Warm air is advancing on the cold air Since warm air is less dense, it overruns the cold air and rises in a more gentle slope Usually results in more widespread and light precipitation

54. Note the progression of cloud types one would observe as the warm front approaches

55. Stationary Fronts A front that is not moving Boundary between two air masses, usually warm and cold May not be associated with a mid-latitude cyclone However, mid-latitude cyclones may develop along stationary fronts

56. Occluded Fronts Formed when a faster moving cold front “catches up” to the slower moving warm front The warm mT air mass is then pinched up away from the surface Thus, occluded fronts usually divide cold air (behind the cold front) from cool air (ahead of the warm front) Usually occur in the dying stages of mid-latitude cyclones

60. Drylines Not a traditional front, but are important Divide moist air mass from dry air mass –both have similar temperatures dry air is more dense than moist air, tends to create steep rising motion along dryline –results in thunderstorms, sometimes severe